/* lil-gp Genetic Programming System, version 1.0, 11 July 1995 * Copyright (C) 1995 Michigan State University * * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of version 2 of the GNU General Public License as * published by the Free Software Foundation. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software * Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. * * Douglas Zongker (zongker@isl.cps.msu.edu) * Dr. Bill Punch (punch@isl.cps.msu.edu) * * Computer Science Department * A-714 Wells Hall * Michigan State University * East Lansing, Michigan 48824 * USA * */ #include #include #ifdef MEMORY_LOG FILE *mlog; #endif /* do we dup OUT_SYS to stdout? */ int quietmode = 0; /* tree generation spaces. */ genspace gensp[GENSPACE_COUNT]; /* internal copy of function set(s). */ function_set* fset; int fset_count; /* information about each tree--which function set it uses, its name, size limits, etc. */ treeinfo* tree_map; int tree_count; /* maximum number of nodes per individual. -1 if no limit is enforced. */ int ind_nodelimit; /* random number generator state */ randomgen globrand; int main(int argc, char** argv) { multipop* mpop; int startgen; event start, end, diff; event eval, breed; int startfromcheckpoint; #ifdef MEMORY_LOG /* dump all memory allocations to a file. */ mlog = fopen ( "memory.log", "w" ); #endif /* mark the start time, and zero the accumulators for evaluation and breeding time. */ event_init(); event_mark(&start); event_zero(&eval); event_zero(&breed); if (app_create_output_streams()) error(E_FATAL_ERROR, "app_create_output_streams() failure."); initialize_output_streams(); /* print copyright message and such. */ initial_message(); /* some initialization. */ oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, "initialization:\n"); initialize_parameters(); initialize_ephem_const(); initialize_genspace(); /* process the command line. if starting from a checkpoint file, this function will load the population. */ startfromcheckpoint = process_commandline(argc, argv, &startgen, &mpop); /* open the files associated with each stream. */ open_output_streams(); /* make internal copies of function set(s), if it hasn't already been done. */ if (!startfromcheckpoint) if (app_build_function_sets()) error(E_FATAL_ERROR, "app_build_function_sets() failure."); /* read parameters limiting tree node count and/or depth. */ read_tree_limits(); /* if not starting from a checkpoint, seed the random number generator. */ if (!startfromcheckpoint) initialize_random(); #if defined(POSIX_MT) || defined(SOLARIS_MT) /* setup for multi-threading if applicable */ initialize_threading(); #endif if (app_initialize(startfromcheckpoint)) error(E_FATAL_ERROR, "app_initialize() failure."); /* if not starting from a checkpoint, create a random population. */ if (!startfromcheckpoint) mpop = initial_multi_population(); /* build the breeding table and the subpop exchange table from the parameter database. */ initialize_topology(mpop); initialize_breeding(mpop); /* do the GP. */ run_gp(mpop, startgen, &eval, &breed, startfromcheckpoint); /* free app stuff. */ app_uninitialize(); /* free lots of stuff. */ free_breeding(mpop); free_topology(mpop); free_multi_population(mpop); free_parameters(); free_ephem_const(); free_genspace(); free_function_sets(); /* mark the finish time. */ event_mark(&end); event_diff(&diff, &start, &end); /* print memory/time statistics and close output files. */ output_system_stats(&diff, &eval, &breed); close_output_streams(); #ifdef MEMORY_LOG fclose ( mlog ); #endif /* destroy global random structure */ random_destroy(&globrand); /* all done. */ return 0; } /* function_sets_init() * * this function is called from user code and passed the function sets * and tree maps and names. it makes internal copies and does some * validation. */ int function_sets_init(function_set* user_fset, int user_fcount, user_treeinfo* user_tree_map, int user_tcount) { int i, j, k, m, n, p; int x; int errors = 0; function* cur; /* Strongly Typed... */ int pos[NUMTYPES]; /* Current position to place a function/terminal in the cset by type */ /* allocate internal copies. */ fset = (function_set*) MALLOC(user_fcount * sizeof(function_set)); tree_map = (treeinfo*) MALLOC(user_tcount * sizeof(treeinfo)); fset_count = user_fcount; tree_count = user_tcount; oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, "updating function set(s):\n"); /* Updates the function set based on input file */ for (i = 0; i < fset_count; ++i) { oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, " set %d:", i); fset_update(&user_fset[i]); } oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, "building function set(s):\n"); /* for each set of functions... */ for (i = 0; i < fset_count; ++i) { /* Initialize counts */ for (x = 0; x < NUMTYPES; x++) { fset[i].function_count_by_type[x] = 0; fset[i].terminal_count_by_type[x] = 0; fset[i].cset_by_type[x] = (function*) MALLOC(user_fset[i].size * sizeof(function)); pos[x] = 0; } oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, " set %d:", i); /* allocate memory for the set. */ m = user_fset[i].size; fset[i].cset = (function*) MALLOC(m * sizeof(function)); fset[i].num_args = 0; k = 0; /* Strong Typing: determine number of functions by type */ for (j = 0; j < m; ++j) { if (user_fset[i].cset[j].type == FUNC_DATA || user_fset[i].cset[j].type == FUNC_EXPR || user_fset[i].cset[j].type == EVAL_DATA || user_fset[i].cset[j].type == EVAL_EXPR) /* non-terminals */ { fset[i].function_count_by_type[user_fset[i].cset[j].return_type]++; } else fset[i].terminal_count_by_type[user_fset[i].cset[j].return_type]++; } for (j = 0; j < m; ++j) { if (user_fset[i].cset[j].type == FUNC_DATA || user_fset[i].cset[j].type == FUNC_EXPR || user_fset[i].cset[j].type == EVAL_DATA || user_fset[i].cset[j].type == EVAL_EXPR) { /** functions and evaluation tokens **/ cur = &(fset[i].cset[k]); /* copy some stuff over. */ cur->code = user_fset[i].cset[j].code; cur->ephem_gen = user_fset[i].cset[j].ephem_gen; cur->ephem_str = user_fset[i].cset[j].ephem_str; cur->arity = user_fset[i].cset[j].arity; cur->type = user_fset[i].cset[j].type; cur->evaltree = user_fset[i].cset[j].evaltree; /* copy the name string. */ n = strlen(user_fset[i].cset[j].string); cur->string = (char*) MALLOC(n + 1); for (p = 0; p < n; ++p) { if (isspace(user_fset[i].cset[j].string[p]) || user_fset[i].cset[j].string[p] == ':' || user_fset[i].cset[j].string[p] == ')' || user_fset[i].cset[j].string[p] == '(' || user_fset[i].cset[j].string[p] == '[' || user_fset[i].cset[j].string[p] == ']') { error(E_WARNING, "illegal character(s) in function name changed to '_'."); cur->string[p] = '_'; } else cur->string[p] = user_fset[i].cset[j].string[p]; } cur->string[n] = 0; /* fill in the index field with this function's position in the set. */ cur->index = k; /* the ERC-related fields should be NULL. */ if (cur->ephem_gen || cur->ephem_str) { ++errors; error(E_ERROR, "function has non-NULL ephem_gen and/or ephem_str field(s)."); } /* do some type-specific checking. */ switch (cur->type) { case FUNC_DATA: case FUNC_EXPR: if (cur->code == NULL) { ++errors; error(E_ERROR, "ordinary function has NULL code field."); } if (cur->arity < 1) { ++errors; error(E_ERROR, "ordinary function has arity of %d.", cur->arity); } if (cur->evaltree != -1) { error(E_WARNING, "ordinary function has evaltree field of %d; this will be ignored.", cur->evaltree); } break; case EVAL_DATA: case EVAL_EXPR: if (cur->code != NULL) { ++errors; error(E_ERROR, "eval function function has non-NULL code field."); } if (cur->arity != -1) { error(E_WARNING, "eval function has arity field of %d; this will be ignored.", cur->arity); } if (cur->evaltree < 0 || cur->evaltree >= tree_count) /* evaluation token refers to a tree that doesn't exist. */ error(E_FATAL_ERROR, "eval function refers to nonexistent tree (%d).", cur->evaltree); break; default: ++errors; error(E_ERROR, "unknown function type %d.", cur->type); } /* strong typing...*/ cur->return_type = user_fset[i].cset[j].return_type; for (x = 0; x < cur->arity; x++) { cur->argument_type[x] = user_fset[i].cset[j].argument_type[x]; } (fset[i].cset_by_type[cur->return_type])[pos[cur->return_type]++] = *cur; ++k; } else if (user_fset[i].cset[j].type == TERM_NORM || user_fset[i].cset[j].type == TERM_ERC || user_fset[i].cset[j].type == TERM_ARG) { /** terminals (all kinds). **/ /* "cur" is so much easier to type. :) */ cur = &(fset[i].cset[k]); /* copy stuff. */ cur->code = user_fset[i].cset[j].code; cur->ephem_gen = user_fset[i].cset[j].ephem_gen; cur->ephem_str = user_fset[i].cset[j].ephem_str; cur->arity = user_fset[i].cset[j].arity; cur->type = user_fset[i].cset[j].type; cur->evaltree = user_fset[i].cset[j].evaltree; /* copy terminal name. */ n = strlen(user_fset[i].cset[j].string); cur->string = (char*) MALLOC(n + 1); strcpy(cur->string, user_fset[i].cset[j].string); cur->string[n] = 0; /* fill in the index field. */ cur->index = k; if (cur->arity != 0) { ++errors; error(E_ERROR, "terminal has nonzero arity."); } /* check for correctness of type-dependent fields. */ switch (cur->type) { case TERM_NORM: if (cur->code == NULL) { ++errors; error(E_ERROR, "normal terminal has NULL code field."); } if (cur->ephem_gen != NULL || cur->ephem_str != NULL) { ++errors; error(E_ERROR, "normal terminal has non-NULL ephem_gen and/or ephem_str field(s)."); } if (cur->evaltree != -1) { error(E_WARNING, "normal terminal has evaltree field of %d; this will be ignored."); } break; case TERM_ERC: if (cur->code != NULL) { ++errors; error(E_ERROR, "ERC terminal has non-NULL code field."); } if (cur->ephem_gen == NULL || cur->ephem_str == NULL) { ++errors; error(E_ERROR, "ERC terminal has NULL ephem_hen and/or ephem_str field(s)."); } if (cur->evaltree != -1) { error(E_WARNING, "ERC terminal has evaltree field of %d; this will be ignored."); } break; case TERM_ARG: ++fset[i].num_args; if (cur->code != NULL) { ++errors; error(E_ERROR, "argument terminal has non-NULL code field."); } if (cur->ephem_gen != NULL || cur->ephem_str != NULL) { ++errors; error(E_ERROR, "argument terminal has non-NULL ephem_hen and/or ephem_str field(s)."); } if (cur->evaltree < 0) { ++errors; error(E_ERROR, "argument terminal should have nonnegative evaltree field."); } break; } /* strong typing...*/ cur->return_type = user_fset[i].cset[j].return_type; (fset[i].cset_by_type[cur->return_type]) [pos[cur->return_type]++] = *cur; ++k; } oputs(OUT_SYS, 30, " "); oputs(OUT_SYS, 30, fset[i].cset[k - 1].string); } fset[i].size = k; oputs(OUT_SYS, 30, "\n"); } /* if there were any errors, stop now. */ if (errors) { error(E_FATAL_ERROR, "error(s) occurred while processing function set(s)."); } /* build the internal tree map. */ for (i = 0; i < tree_count; ++i) { /* the function set used for this tree. */ tree_map[i].fset = user_tree_map[i].fset; if (tree_map[i].fset < 0 || tree_map[i].fset >= fset_count) error(E_FATAL_ERROR, "tree %d uses a nonexistent function set.\n", i); tree_map[i].return_type = user_tree_map[i].return_type; if (tree_map[i].return_type < 0 || tree_map[i].return_type >= NUMTYPES) error(E_FATAL_ERROR, "tree %d uses an invalid return type: %d.\n", i, tree_map[i].return_type); oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, " tree %d uses function set %d.\n", i, tree_map[i].fset); /* these will be filled in by read_tree_limits(). */ tree_map[i].nodelimit = -1; tree_map[i].depthlimit = -1; /* copy the tree name. */ j = strlen(user_tree_map[i].name); tree_map[i].name = (char*) MALLOC((j + 1) * sizeof(char)); strcpy(tree_map[i].name, user_tree_map[i].name); } /* now some more processing on each function set. */ for (i = 0; i < fset_count; ++i) { fset[i].function_count = 0; fset[i].terminal_count = 0; for (j = 0; j < fset[i].size; ++j) { if (fset[i].cset[j].arity == -1) { /* change the arity of evaluation tokens from -1 to the number of argument tokens in the called tree. */ fset[i].cset[j].arity = fset[tree_map[fset[i].cset[j].evaltree].fset].num_args; if (fset[i].cset[j].arity == 0) /* if there are no argument tokens in the tree, mark this as a terminal. */ fset[i].cset[j].type = EVAL_TERM; } /* update count of functions and terminals. */ if (fset[i].cset[j].arity) ++fset[i].function_count; else ++fset[i].terminal_count; } /* now sort the function set so that all the functions come first. */ qsort(fset[i].cset, fset[i].size, sizeof(function), function_compare); for (x = 0; x < NUMTYPES; x++) { qsort(fset[i].cset_by_type[x], fset[i].function_count_by_type[x] + fset[i].terminal_count_by_type[x], sizeof(function), function_compare); } } #ifdef DEBUG /* dump the function sets to stdout. */ for ( i = 0; i < fset_count; ++i ) { printf ( "FUNCTION SET %d\n", i ); printf ( " %d functions; %d terminals; %d arguments\n", fset[i].function_count, fset[i].terminal_count, fset[i].num_args ); for ( j = 0; j < fset[i].size; ++j ) printf ( "%10s %06x %06x %06x arity: %3d evaltree: %3d index: %3d type: %3d\n", fset[i].cset[j].string, fset[i].cset[j].code, fset[i].cset[j].ephem_gen, fset[i].cset[j].ephem_str, fset[i].cset[j].arity, fset[i].cset[j].evaltree, fset[i].cset[j].index, fset[i].cset[j].type ); } #endif oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, " function set complete.\n"); return 0; } /* function_compare() * * comparison function for qsort() that puts all functions ahead of * all terminals. */ int function_compare(const void* a, const void* b) { int aa, ba; aa = !!(((function*) a)->arity); ba = !!(((function*) b)->arity); return ba - aa; } /* free_function_sets() * * free up internal copies of function sets and tree maps. */ void free_function_sets(void) { int i, j; for (i = 0; i < fset_count; ++i) { for (j = 0; j < fset[i].function_count + fset[i].terminal_count; ++j) FREE(fset[i].cset[j].string); FREE(fset[i].cset); /* Strong Typing */ for (j = 0; j < NUMTYPES; ++j) { FREE(fset[i].cset_by_type[j]); } } FREE(fset); for (i = 0; i < tree_count; ++i) FREE(tree_map[i].name); FREE(tree_map); fset = NULL; tree_map = NULL; } /* read_tree_limits() * * read limits on tree node count and/or depth from the parameter * database and fill in the appropriate fields of the tree_map * array. */ void read_tree_limits(void) { int i, j; char pnamebuf[100]; char* param; for (i = 0; i < tree_count; ++i) { /* read the node limit for this tree. */ sprintf(pnamebuf, "tree[%d].max_nodes", i); param = get_parameter(pnamebuf); if (param == NULL) tree_map[i].nodelimit = -1; else tree_map[i].nodelimit = atoi(param); /* read the depth limit for this tree. */ sprintf(pnamebuf, "tree[%d].max_depth", i); param = get_parameter(pnamebuf); if (param == NULL) tree_map[i].depthlimit = -1; else tree_map[i].depthlimit = atoi(param); } /* read the node limit for the whole individual. */ param = get_parameter("max_nodes"); if (param == NULL) ind_nodelimit = -1; else ind_nodelimit = atoi(param); /* read the depth limit for the whole individual. note that this is implemented just as a cap on the maximum depth of any single tree in the individual. */ param = get_parameter("max_depth"); if (param) { j = atoi(param); if (j >= 0) for (i = 0; i < tree_count; ++i) if (tree_map[i].depthlimit < 0 || tree_map[i].depthlimit > j) tree_map[i].depthlimit = j; } } /* initialize_random() * * initialize the random number generator. */ void initialize_random(void) { char* param; char seedstr[30]; int seed; /* look for a seed parameter. */ param = get_parameter("random_seed"); if (param == NULL) { sprintf(seedstr, "%d", 1); /* if it's not found... */ #ifdef RANDOMSEEDTIME FILE* RANDOM_FILE = fopen("/dev/urandom", "r"); char buffer[4]; fgets(buffer, 4, RANDOM_FILE); int tm = (int) time(NULL); /* ...use the current time. */ if (buffer[0] == 0) buffer[0] = 1; if (buffer[1] == 0) buffer[1] = 1; if (buffer[2] == 0) buffer[2] = 1; seed = (tm % buffer[0]) * (tm % buffer[1]) + ((tm % buffer[2]) << buffer[3] % 31); sprintf(seedstr, "%d", seed); add_parameter("random_seed", seedstr, PARAM_COPY_VALUE); fclose(RANDOM_FILE); #else /* ...use 1. */ seed = 1; add_parameter ( "random_seed", seedstr, PARAM_COPY_NONE); #endif /* print out what we're using. */ oprintf(OUT_SYS, 20, " no random number seed specfied; using %d.\n", seed); } else { /* the parameter was found; use it. */ seed = atoi(param); oprintf(OUT_SYS, 20, " seeding random number generator with %d.\n", seed); } random_seed(&globrand, seed); } /* pre_parameter_defaults() * * used to place values into the parameter database before any application * code is called or any command line options are processed. */ void pre_parameter_defaults(void) { add_parameter("output.basename", "lilgp", PARAM_COPY_NONE); add_parameter("output.stt_interval", "1", PARAM_COPY_NONE); add_parameter("output.detail", "50", PARAM_COPY_NONE); add_parameter("output.bestn", "1", PARAM_COPY_NONE); add_parameter("output.digits", "4", PARAM_COPY_NONE); add_parameter("init.method", "half_and_half", PARAM_COPY_NONE); add_parameter("init.depth", "2-6", PARAM_COPY_NONE); add_parameter("init.random_attempts", "100", PARAM_COPY_NONE); add_parameter("checkpoint.filename", "gp%06d.ckp", PARAM_COPY_NONE); /* default problem uses a single population. */ add_parameter("multiple.subpops", "1", PARAM_COPY_NONE); } /* post_parameter_defaults() * * add/change values in the parameter database after all command line options * are parsed. can be used to set defaults based on values of other * parameters. */ void post_parameter_defaults(void) { binary_parameter("probabilistic_operators", 1); } /* process_commandline() * * parses the command line. */ int process_commandline(int argc, char** argv, int* gen, multipop** mpop) { int i; int errorflag = 0; int startfromcheckpoint = 0; *mpop = NULL; *gen = 0; /* if there are no arguments, print out a brief statement of usage and exit. */ if (argc < 2) { fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s options\nValid options are:\n", argv[0]); fprintf(stderr, " [-f parameterfile] read named parameter file\n"); fprintf(stderr, " [-c checkpointfile] restart from name checkpoint file\n"); fprintf(stderr, " [-p name=value] set parameter name to value\n"); fprintf(stderr, " [-q] run in quiet mode\n"); fprintf(stderr, " [-d symbol] define symbol\n"); fprintf(stderr, " [-u symbol] undefine symbol\n"); exit(1); } /* load hardcoded defaults into database. */ pre_parameter_defaults(); for (i = 1; i < argc; ++i) { /* all options begin with '-' and have two characters, except "-d" and "-u" which may have more. */ if (argv[i][0] != '-' || (argv[i][1] != 'd' && argv[i][1] != 'u' && argv[i][2] != 0)) { error(E_ERROR, "unrecognized command line option: \"%s\".", argv[i]); errorflag = 1; continue; } switch (argv[i][1]) { case 'f': /* load a parameter file, named in the next argument. */ read_parameter_file(argv[++i]); break; case 'p': /* parse a single parameter, in the next argument. */ if (parse_one_parameter(argv[++i])) { errorflag = 1; error(E_ERROR, "malformed parameter: \"%s\".", argv[i]); } break; case 'c': /* load a checkpoint file, named in the next argument. */ if (startfromcheckpoint) { /* error if a checkpoint has already been loaded. */ error(E_ERROR, "can't load multiple checkpoint files."); errorflag = 1; continue; } read_checkpoint(argv[++i], gen, mpop); startfromcheckpoint = 1; break; case 'q': /* turn on quiet mode (don't dup OUT_SYS to stdout). */ quietmode = 1; break; case 'd': /* define a symbol. */ if (argv[i][2]) /* of the form "-dsymbol". */ define_directive(argv[i] + 2); else /* of the form "-d symbol". */ define_directive(argv[++i]); break; case 'u': /* undefine a symbol. */ if (argv[i][2]) /* of the form "-usymbol". */ undefine_directive(argv[i] + 2); else /* of the form "-u symbol". */ undefine_directive(argv[++i]); break; default: error(E_ERROR, "unrecognized command line option: \"%s\".", argv[i]); errorflag = 1; break; } } if (errorflag) error(E_FATAL_ERROR, "command line errors occurred. dying."); if (!startfromcheckpoint) post_parameter_defaults(); return startfromcheckpoint; } /* output_system_stats() * * print statistics about memory use, execution time, etc. to OUT_SYS * at conclusion of run. */ void output_system_stats(event* t_total, event* t_eval, event* t_breed) { int total, free, max, mallocc, reallocc, freec; int ercused, ercfree, ercblocks, ercalloc; int i; get_ephem_stats(&ercused, &ercfree, &ercblocks, &ercalloc); oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, "\nSYSTEM STATISTICS\n"); #ifdef TRACK_MEMORY /* if memory tracking available, then get and print the numbers. */ get_memory_stats(&total, &free, &max, &mallocc, &reallocc, &freec); oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, "\n------- memory -------\n"); oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, " allocated: %d\n", total); oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, " freed: %d\n", free); oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, " not freed: %d\n", total - free); oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, " max allocated: %d\n", max); oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, " malloc'ed blocks: %d\n", mallocc); oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, " realloc'ed blocks: %d\n", reallocc); oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, " free'ed blocks: %d\n", freec); #endif #ifdef TIMING_AVAILABLE /* if timing is available, the get and print the numbers. */ oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, "\n------- time -------\n"); oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, " overall: %s\n", event_string(t_total)); oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, " evaluation: %s\n", event_string(t_eval)); oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, " breeding: %s\n", event_string(t_breed)); #endif /* show how large the generation spaces grew. */ oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, "\n------- generation spaces -------\n"); for (i = 0; i < GENSPACE_COUNT; ++i) oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, " space %3d size: %d\n", i, gensp[i].size); /* if any ERCs were used, then show these stats. */ if (ercused > 0) { oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, "\n------- ephemeral random constants -------\n"); oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, " used: %d\n", ercused); oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, " freed: %d\n", ercfree); oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, " allocated: %d\n", ercalloc); oprintf(OUT_SYS, 30, " blocks: %d\n", ercblocks); } } /* initial_message() * * show startup and copyright messages. */ void initial_message(void) { oputs(OUT_SYS, 0, "\n[ lil-gp Genetic Programming System.\n"); oputs(OUT_SYS, 0, "[ Portions copyright (c) 1995 Michigan State University. All rights reserved.\n"); oputs(OUT_SYS, 0, "[ kernel version 1.0; 11 July 1995.\n\n\n"); }