Merge branch 'shared'

.gitignore

@@ -7,7 +7,5 @@ out/
 massif.*
 callgrind.*
 *.out.*
-<<<<<<< HEAD
 heaptrack.*
-=======
+Rice_Cammeo_Osmancik.arff
->>>>>>> refs/remotes/origin/main

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.25)
-project(blt-gp VERSION 0.1.20)
+project(blt-gp VERSION 0.1.36)
 
 include(CTest)
 
@@ -9,12 +9,15 @@ option(ENABLE_TSAN "Enable the thread data race sanitizer" OFF)
 option(BUILD_EXAMPLES "Build example programs. This will build with CTest" OFF)
 option(BUILD_GP_TESTS "Build test programs." OFF)
 option(DEBUG_LEVEL "Enable debug features which prints extra information to the console, might slow processing down. [0, 3)" 0)
+option(TRACK_ALLOCATIONS "Track total allocations. Can be accessed with blt::gp::tracker" OFF)
 
 set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 17)
 
 set(THREADS_PREFER_PTHREAD_FLAG ON)
 find_package(Threads REQUIRED)
 
+#SET(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE "-O3 -g")
+
 if (NOT TARGET BLT)
     add_subdirectory(lib/blt)
 endif ()
@@ -38,6 +41,10 @@ target_include_directories(blt-gp PUBLIC include/)
 target_link_libraries(blt-gp PRIVATE BLT Threads::Threads)
 target_compile_definitions(blt-gp PRIVATE BLT_DEBUG_LEVEL=${DEBUG_LEVEL})
 
+if (${TRACK_ALLOCATIONS})
+    target_compile_definitions(blt-gp PRIVATE BLT_TRACK_ALLOCATIONS=1)
+endif ()
+
 if (${ENABLE_ADDRSAN} MATCHES ON)
     target_compile_options(blt-gp PRIVATE -fsanitize=address)
     target_link_options(blt-gp PRIVATE -fsanitize=address)
@@ -67,6 +74,10 @@ macro(blt_add_project name source type)
     target_link_options(${name}-${type} PRIVATE -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Wno-comment)
     target_compile_definitions(${name}-${type} PRIVATE BLT_DEBUG_LEVEL=${DEBUG_LEVEL})
 
+    if (${TRACK_ALLOCATIONS})
+        target_compile_definitions(${name}-${type} PRIVATE BLT_TRACK_ALLOCATIONS=1)
+    endif ()
+
     if (${ENABLE_ADDRSAN} MATCHES ON)
         target_compile_options(${name}-${type} PRIVATE -fsanitize=address)
         target_link_options(${name}-${type} PRIVATE -fsanitize=address)
@@ -97,6 +108,7 @@ endmacro()
 if (${BUILD_EXAMPLES})
 
     blt_add_project(blt-symbolic-regression examples/symbolic_regression.cpp example)
+    blt_add_project(blt-rice-classification examples/rice_classification.cpp example)
 
 endif ()
 

dhat.out.293761

@@ -1302,7 +1302,7 @@
  ,"0x4845DA0: memalign (in /usr/libexec/valgrind/vgpreload_dhat-amd64-linux.so)"
  ,"0x129674: std::_Function_handler<void (void*, blt::gp::stack_allocator&, blt::gp::stack_allocator&), blt::gp::operation_t<lit::{lambda()#1}, float ()>::make_callable<context>() const::{lambda(void*, blt::gp::stack_allocator&, blt::gp::stack_allocator&)#1}>::_M_invoke(std::_Any_data const&, void*&&, blt::gp::stack_allocator&, blt::gp::stack_allocator&) (in /home/brett/Documents/code/c++/blt-gp/cmake-build-release/blt-SR-playground-example)"
  ,"0x158664: blt::gp::tree_t blt::gp::create_tree<blt::gp::grow_generator_t::generate(blt::gp::generator_arguments const&)::{lambda(blt::gp::gp_program&, std::stack<blt::gp::stack, std::deque<blt::gp::stack, std::allocator<blt::gp::stack> > >&, blt::gp::type_id, unsigned long)#1}>(blt::gp::grow_generator_t::generate(blt::gp::generator_arguments const&)::{lambda(blt::gp::gp_program&, std::stack<blt::gp::stack, std::deque<blt::gp::stack, std::allocator<blt::gp::stack> > >&, blt::gp::type_id, unsigned long)#1}&&, blt::gp::generator_arguments const&) (in /home/brett/Documents/code/c++/blt-gp/cmake-build-release/blt-SR-playground-example)"
- ,"0x15D0C0: void std::vector<blt::gp::individual, std::allocator<blt::gp::individual> >::_M_realloc_insert<blt::gp::tree_t>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<blt::gp::individual*, std::vector<blt::gp::individual, std::allocator<blt::gp::individual> > >, blt::gp::tree_t&&) (in /home/brett/Documents/code/c++/blt-gp/cmake-build-release/blt-SR-playground-example)"
+ ,"0x15D0C0: void std::vector<blt::gp::individual_t, std::allocator<blt::gp::individual_t> >::_M_realloc_insert<blt::gp::tree_t>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<blt::gp::individual_t*, std::vector<blt::gp::individual_t, std::allocator<blt::gp::individual_t> > >, blt::gp::tree_t&&) (in /home/brett/Documents/code/c++/blt-gp/cmake-build-release/blt-SR-playground-example)"
  ,"0x15CCFA: blt::gp::ramped_half_initializer_t::generate(blt::gp::initializer_arguments const&) (in /home/brett/Documents/code/c++/blt-gp/cmake-build-release/blt-SR-playground-example)"
  ,"0x15A9F0: blt::gp::tree_t blt::gp::create_tree<blt::gp::full_generator_t::generate(blt::gp::generator_arguments const&)::{lambda(blt::gp::gp_program&, std::stack<blt::gp::stack, std::deque<blt::gp::stack, std::allocator<blt::gp::stack> > >&, blt::gp::type_id, unsigned long)#1}>(blt::gp::full_generator_t::generate(blt::gp::generator_arguments const&)::{lambda(blt::gp::gp_program&, std::stack<blt::gp::stack, std::deque<blt::gp::stack, std::allocator<blt::gp::stack> > >&, blt::gp::type_id, unsigned long)#1}&&, blt::gp::generator_arguments const&) (in /home/brett/Documents/code/c++/blt-gp/cmake-build-release/blt-SR-playground-example)"
  ,"0x15C977: blt::gp::ramped_half_initializer_t::generate(blt::gp::initializer_arguments const&) (in /home/brett/Documents/code/c++/blt-gp/cmake-build-release/blt-SR-playground-example)"
@@ -1330,7 +1330,7 @@
  ,"0x1548AB: blt::gp::crossover_t::apply(blt::gp::gp_program&, blt::gp::tree_t const&, blt::gp::tree_t const&) (in /home/brett/Documents/code/c++/blt-gp/cmake-build-release/blt-SR-playground-example)"
  ,"0x1549A7: blt::gp::crossover_t::apply(blt::gp::gp_program&, blt::gp::tree_t const&, blt::gp::tree_t const&) (in /home/brett/Documents/code/c++/blt-gp/cmake-build-release/blt-SR-playground-example)"
  ,"0x127C77: blt::gp::default_next_pop_creator<blt::gp::select_tournament_t, blt::gp::select_tournament_t, blt::gp::select_tournament_t>::{lambda(blt::gp::selector_args&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&)#1}::operator()(blt::gp::selector_args&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&) const [clone .isra.0] (in /home/brett/Documents/code/c++/blt-gp/cmake-build-release/blt-SR-playground-example)"
- ,"0x1268EF: blt::gp::individual& std::vector<blt::gp::individual, std::allocator<blt::gp::individual> >::emplace_back<blt::gp::individual>(blt::gp::individual&&) [clone .isra.0] (in /home/brett/Documents/code/c++/blt-gp/cmake-build-release/blt-SR-playground-example)"
+ ,"0x1268EF: blt::gp::individual_t& std::vector<blt::gp::individual_t, std::allocator<blt::gp::individual_t> >::emplace_back<blt::gp::individual_t>(blt::gp::individual_t&&) [clone .isra.0] (in /home/brett/Documents/code/c++/blt-gp/cmake-build-release/blt-SR-playground-example)"
  ,"0x127DDE: blt::gp::default_next_pop_creator<blt::gp::select_tournament_t, blt::gp::select_tournament_t, blt::gp::select_tournament_t>::{lambda(blt::gp::selector_args&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&)#1}::operator()(blt::gp::selector_args&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&) const [clone .isra.0] (in /home/brett/Documents/code/c++/blt-gp/cmake-build-release/blt-SR-playground-example)"
  ,"0x127F26: blt::gp::default_next_pop_creator<blt::gp::select_tournament_t, blt::gp::select_tournament_t, blt::gp::select_tournament_t>::{lambda(blt::gp::selector_args&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&)#1}::operator()(blt::gp::selector_args&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&) const [clone .isra.0] (in /home/brett/Documents/code/c++/blt-gp/cmake-build-release/blt-SR-playground-example)"
  ,"0x127FE6: blt::gp::default_next_pop_creator<blt::gp::select_tournament_t, blt::gp::select_tournament_t, blt::gp::select_tournament_t>::{lambda(blt::gp::selector_args&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&)#1}::operator()(blt::gp::selector_args&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&) const [clone .isra.0] (in /home/brett/Documents/code/c++/blt-gp/cmake-build-release/blt-SR-playground-example)"
@@ -1366,7 +1366,7 @@
  ,"0x1247AC: main (in /home/brett/Documents/code/c++/blt-gp/cmake-build-release/blt-SR-playground-example)"
  ,"0x12497D: main (in /home/brett/Documents/code/c++/blt-gp/cmake-build-release/blt-SR-playground-example)"
  ,"0x124A4A: main (in /home/brett/Documents/code/c++/blt-gp/cmake-build-release/blt-SR-playground-example)"
- ,"0x126AFC: blt::gp::individual& std::vector<blt::gp::individual, std::allocator<blt::gp::individual> >::emplace_back<blt::gp::tree_t>(blt::gp::tree_t&&) [clone .isra.0] (in /home/brett/Documents/code/c++/blt-gp/cmake-build-release/blt-SR-playground-example)"
+ ,"0x126AFC: blt::gp::individual_t& std::vector<blt::gp::individual_t, std::allocator<blt::gp::individual_t> >::emplace_back<blt::gp::tree_t>(blt::gp::tree_t&&) [clone .isra.0] (in /home/brett/Documents/code/c++/blt-gp/cmake-build-release/blt-SR-playground-example)"
  ,"0x127AE9: blt::gp::default_next_pop_creator<blt::gp::select_tournament_t, blt::gp::select_tournament_t, blt::gp::select_tournament_t>::{lambda(blt::gp::selector_args&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&)#1}::operator()(blt::gp::selector_args&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&) const [clone .isra.0] (in /home/brett/Documents/code/c++/blt-gp/cmake-build-release/blt-SR-playground-example)"
  ,"0x127E76: blt::gp::default_next_pop_creator<blt::gp::select_tournament_t, blt::gp::select_tournament_t, blt::gp::select_tournament_t>::{lambda(blt::gp::selector_args&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&)#1}::operator()(blt::gp::selector_args&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&) const [clone .isra.0] (in /home/brett/Documents/code/c++/blt-gp/cmake-build-release/blt-SR-playground-example)"
  ,"0x127EAF: blt::gp::default_next_pop_creator<blt::gp::select_tournament_t, blt::gp::select_tournament_t, blt::gp::select_tournament_t>::{lambda(blt::gp::selector_args&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&)#1}::operator()(blt::gp::selector_args&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&, blt::gp::select_tournament_t&&) const [clone .isra.0] (in /home/brett/Documents/code/c++/blt-gp/cmake-build-release/blt-SR-playground-example)"

examples/operations_common.h

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#pragma once
+/*
+ *  Copyright (C) 2024  Brett Terpstra
+ *
+ *  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ *  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *  (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ *  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *  GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ *  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#ifndef BLT_GP_OPERATIONS_COMMON_H
+#define BLT_GP_OPERATIONS_COMMON_H
+
+#include <blt/gp/program.h>
+
+blt::gp::operation_t add([](float a, float b) { return a + b; }, "add");
+blt::gp::operation_t sub([](float a, float b) { return a - b; }, "sub");
+blt::gp::operation_t mul([](float a, float b) { return a * b; }, "mul");
+blt::gp::operation_t pro_div([](float a, float b) { return b == 0.0f ? 1.0f : a / b; }, "div");
+blt::gp::operation_t op_sin([](float a) { return std::sin(a); }, "sin");
+blt::gp::operation_t op_cos([](float a) { return std::cos(a); }, "cos");
+blt::gp::operation_t op_exp([](float a) { return std::exp(a); }, "exp");
+blt::gp::operation_t op_log([](float a) { return a == 0.0f ? 0.0f : std::log(a); }, "log");
+
+#endif //BLT_GP_OPERATIONS_COMMON_H

examples/rice_classification.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+/*
+ *  This rice classification example uses data from the UC Irvine Machine Learning repository.
+ *  The data for this example can be found at:
+ *  https://archive.ics.uci.edu/dataset/545/rice+cammeo+and+osmancik
+ *
+ *  Copyright (C) 2024  Brett Terpstra
+ *
+ *  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ *  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *  (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ *  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *  GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ *  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+#include <blt/gp/program.h>
+#include <blt/profiling/profiler_v2.h>
+#include <blt/gp/tree.h>
+#include <blt/std/logging.h>
+#include <blt/std/format.h>
+#include <blt/parse/argparse.h>
+#include <iostream>
+#include "operations_common.h"
+#include "blt/fs/loader.h"
+
+static const auto SEED_FUNC = [] { return std::random_device()(); };
+
+enum class rice_type_t
+{
+    Cammeo,
+    Osmancik
+};
+
+struct rice_record
+{
+    float area;
+    float perimeter;
+    float major_axis_length;
+    float minor_axis_length;
+    float eccentricity;
+    float convex_area;
+    float extent;
+    rice_type_t type;
+};
+
+std::vector<rice_record> training_cases;
+std::vector<rice_record> testing_cases;
+
+blt::gp::prog_config_t config = blt::gp::prog_config_t()
+        .set_initial_min_tree_size(2)
+        .set_initial_max_tree_size(6)
+        .set_elite_count(2)
+        .set_crossover_chance(0.9)
+        .set_mutation_chance(0.1)
+        .set_reproduction_chance(0)
+        .set_max_generations(50)
+        .set_pop_size(5000)
+        .set_thread_count(0);
+
+blt::gp::gp_program program{SEED_FUNC, config};
+
+auto lit = blt::gp::operation_t([]() {
+    return program.get_random().get_float(-32000.0f, 32000.0f);
+}, "lit").set_ephemeral();
+
+blt::gp::operation_t op_area([](const rice_record& rice_data) {
+    return rice_data.area;
+}, "area");
+
+blt::gp::operation_t op_perimeter([](const rice_record& rice_data) {
+    return rice_data.perimeter;
+}, "perimeter");
+
+blt::gp::operation_t op_major_axis_length([](const rice_record& rice_data) {
+    return rice_data.major_axis_length;
+}, "major_axis_length");
+
+blt::gp::operation_t op_minor_axis_length([](const rice_record& rice_data) {
+    return rice_data.minor_axis_length;
+}, "minor_axis_length");
+
+blt::gp::operation_t op_eccentricity([](const rice_record& rice_data) {
+    return rice_data.eccentricity;
+}, "eccentricity");
+
+blt::gp::operation_t op_convex_area([](const rice_record& rice_data) {
+    return rice_data.convex_area;
+}, "convex_area");
+
+blt::gp::operation_t op_extent([](const rice_record& rice_data) {
+    return rice_data.extent;
+}, "extent");
+
+constexpr auto fitness_function = [](blt::gp::tree_t& current_tree, blt::gp::fitness_t& fitness, blt::size_t) {
+    for (auto& training_case : training_cases)
+    {
+        auto v = current_tree.get_evaluation_value<float>(&training_case);
+        switch (training_case.type)
+        {
+            case rice_type_t::Cammeo:
+                if (v >= 0)
+                    fitness.hits++;
+                break;
+            case rice_type_t::Osmancik:
+                if (v < 0)
+                    fitness.hits++;
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+    fitness.raw_fitness = static_cast<double>(fitness.hits);
+    fitness.standardized_fitness = fitness.raw_fitness;
+    fitness.adjusted_fitness = 1.0 - (1.0 / (1.0 + fitness.standardized_fitness));
+    return static_cast<blt::size_t>(fitness.hits) == training_cases.size();
+};
+
+void load_rice_data(std::string_view rice_file_path)
+{
+    auto rice_file_data = blt::fs::getLinesFromFile(rice_file_path);
+    size_t index = 0;
+    while (!blt::string::contains(rice_file_data[index++], "@DATA"))
+    {}
+    std::vector<rice_record> c;
+    std::vector<rice_record> o;
+    for (std::string_view v : blt::itr_offset(rice_file_data, index))
+    {
+        auto data = blt::string::split(v, ',');
+        rice_record r{std::stof(data[0]), std::stof(data[1]), std::stof(data[2]), std::stof(data[3]), std::stof(data[4]), std::stof(data[5]),
+                      std::stof(data[6]), blt::string::contains(data[7], "Cammeo") ? rice_type_t::Cammeo : rice_type_t::Osmancik};
+        switch (r.type)
+        {
+            case rice_type_t::Cammeo:
+                c.push_back(r);
+                break;
+            case rice_type_t::Osmancik:
+                o.push_back(r);
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    blt::size_t total_records = c.size() + o.size();
+    blt::size_t training_size = std::min(total_records / 3, 1000ul);
+    for (blt::size_t i = 0; i < training_size; i++)
+    {
+        auto& random = program.get_random();
+        auto& vec = random.choice() ? c : o;
+        auto pos = random.get_i64(0, static_cast<blt::i64>(vec.size()));
+        training_cases.push_back(vec[pos]);
+        vec.erase(vec.begin() + pos);
+    }
+    testing_cases.insert(testing_cases.end(), c.begin(), c.end());
+    testing_cases.insert(testing_cases.end(), o.begin(), o.end());
+    std::shuffle(testing_cases.begin(), testing_cases.end(), program.get_random());
+    BLT_INFO("Created training set of size %ld, testing set is of size %ld", training_size, testing_cases.size());
+}
+
+struct test_results_t
+{
+    blt::size_t cc = 0;
+    blt::size_t co = 0;
+    blt::size_t oo = 0;
+    blt::size_t oc = 0;
+    blt::size_t hits = 0;
+    blt::size_t size = 0;
+    double percent_hit = 0;
+    
+    test_results_t& operator+=(const test_results_t& a)
+    {
+        cc += a.cc;
+        co += a.co;
+        oo += a.oo;
+        oc += a.oc;
+        hits += a.hits;
+        size += a.size;
+        percent_hit += a.percent_hit;
+        return *this;
+    }
+    
+    test_results_t& operator/=(blt::size_t s)
+    {
+        cc /= s;
+        co /= s;
+        oo /= s;
+        oc /= s;
+        hits /= s;
+        size /= s;
+        percent_hit /= static_cast<double>(s);
+        return *this;
+    }
+    
+    friend bool operator<(const test_results_t& a, const test_results_t& b)
+    {
+        return a.hits < b.hits;
+    }
+    
+    friend bool operator>(const test_results_t& a, const test_results_t& b)
+    {
+        return a.hits > b.hits;
+    }
+};
+
+test_results_t test_individual(blt::gp::individual_t& i)
+{
+    test_results_t results;
+    
+    for (auto& testing_case : testing_cases)
+    {
+        auto result = i.tree.get_evaluation_value<float>(&testing_case);
+        switch (testing_case.type)
+        {
+            case rice_type_t::Cammeo:
+                if (result >= 0)
+                    results.cc++; // cammeo cammeo
+                else
+                    results.co++; // cammeo osmancik
+                break;
+            case rice_type_t::Osmancik:
+                if (result < 0)
+                    results.oo++; // osmancik osmancik
+                else
+                    results.oc++; // osmancik cammeo
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    results.hits = results.cc + results.oo;
+    results.size = testing_cases.size();
+    results.percent_hit = static_cast<double>(results.hits) / static_cast<double>(results.size) * 100;
+    
+    return results;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, const char** argv)
+{
+    blt::arg_parse parser;
+    parser.addArgument(blt::arg_builder{"-f", "--file"}.setHelp("File for rice data. Should be in .arff format.").setRequired().build());
+    
+    auto args = parser.parse_args(argc, argv);
+    
+    if (!args.contains("file"))
+    {
+        BLT_WARN("Please provide path to file with -f or --file");
+        return 1;
+    }
+    
+    auto rice_file_path = args.get<std::string>("file");
+    
+    BLT_INFO("Starting BLT-GP Rice Classification Example");
+    BLT_START_INTERVAL("Rice Classification", "Main");
+    BLT_DEBUG("Setup Fitness cases");
+    load_rice_data(rice_file_path);
+    
+    BLT_DEBUG("Setup Types and Operators");
+    
+    blt::gp::operator_builder<rice_record> builder{};
+    program.set_operations(builder.build(add, sub, mul, pro_div, op_exp, op_log, lit, op_area, op_perimeter, op_major_axis_length,
+                                         op_minor_axis_length, op_eccentricity, op_convex_area, op_extent));
+    
+    BLT_DEBUG("Generate Initial Population");
+    auto sel = blt::gp::select_tournament_t{};
+    program.generate_population(program.get_typesystem().get_type<float>().id(), fitness_function, sel, sel, sel);
+    
+    BLT_DEBUG("Begin Generation Loop");
+    while (!program.should_terminate())
+    {
+        BLT_TRACE("------------{Begin Generation %ld}------------", program.get_current_generation());
+        BLT_TRACE("Creating next generation");
+        BLT_START_INTERVAL("Rice Classification", "Gen");
+        program.create_next_generation();
+        BLT_END_INTERVAL("Rice Classification", "Gen");
+        BLT_TRACE("Move to next generation");
+        BLT_START_INTERVAL("Rice Classification", "Fitness");
+        program.next_generation();
+        BLT_TRACE("Evaluate Fitness");
+        program.evaluate_fitness();
+        BLT_END_INTERVAL("Rice Classification", "Fitness");
+        auto& stats = program.get_population_stats();
+        BLT_TRACE("Stats:");
+        BLT_TRACE("Average fitness: %lf", stats.average_fitness.load());
+        BLT_TRACE("Best fitness: %lf", stats.best_fitness.load());
+        BLT_TRACE("Worst fitness: %lf", stats.worst_fitness.load());
+        BLT_TRACE("Overall fitness: %lf", stats.overall_fitness.load());
+        BLT_TRACE("----------------------------------------------");
+        std::cout << std::endl;
+    }
+    
+    BLT_END_INTERVAL("Rice Classification", "Main");
+    
+    std::vector<std::pair<test_results_t, blt::gp::individual_t*>> results;
+    for (auto& i : program.get_current_pop().get_individuals())
+        results.emplace_back(test_individual(i), &i);
+    std::sort(results.begin(), results.end(), [](const auto& a, const auto& b) {
+        return a.first > b.first;
+    });
+    
+    BLT_INFO("Best results:");
+    for (blt::size_t index = 0; index < 3; index++)
+    {
+        const auto& record = results[index].first;
+        const auto& i = *results[index].second;
+        
+        BLT_INFO("Hits %ld, Total Cases %ld, Percent Hit: %lf", record.hits, record.size, record.percent_hit);
+        BLT_DEBUG("Cammeo Cammeo: %ld", record.cc);
+        BLT_DEBUG("Cammeo Osmancik: %ld", record.co);
+        BLT_DEBUG("Osmancik Osmancik: %ld", record.oo);
+        BLT_DEBUG("Osmancik Cammeo: %ld", record.oc);
+        BLT_DEBUG("Fitness: %lf, stand: %lf, raw: %lf", i.fitness.adjusted_fitness, i.fitness.standardized_fitness, i.fitness.raw_fitness);
+        i.tree.print(program, std::cout);
+        
+        std::cout << "\n";
+    }
+    
+    BLT_INFO("Worst Results:");
+    for (blt::size_t index = 0; index < 3; index++)
+    {
+        const auto& record = results[results.size() - 1 - index].first;
+        const auto& i = *results[results.size() - 1 - index].second;
+        
+        BLT_INFO("Hits %ld, Total Cases %ld, Percent Hit: %lf", record.hits, record.size, record.percent_hit);
+        BLT_DEBUG("Cammeo Cammeo: %ld", record.cc);
+        BLT_DEBUG("Cammeo Osmancik: %ld", record.co);
+        BLT_DEBUG("Osmancik Osmancik: %ld", record.oo);
+        BLT_DEBUG("Osmancik Cammeo: %ld", record.oc);
+        BLT_DEBUG("Fitness: %lf, stand: %lf, raw: %lf", i.fitness.adjusted_fitness, i.fitness.standardized_fitness, i.fitness.raw_fitness);
+        
+        std::cout << "\n";
+    }
+    
+    BLT_INFO("Average Results");
+    test_results_t avg{};
+    for (const auto& v : results)
+        avg += v.first;
+    avg /= results.size();
+    BLT_INFO("Hits %ld, Total Cases %ld, Percent Hit: %lf", avg.hits, avg.size, avg.percent_hit);
+    BLT_DEBUG("Cammeo Cammeo: %ld", avg.cc);
+    BLT_DEBUG("Cammeo Osmancik: %ld", avg.co);
+    BLT_DEBUG("Osmancik Osmancik: %ld", avg.oo);
+    BLT_DEBUG("Osmancik Cammeo: %ld", avg.oc);
+    std::cout << "\n";
+    
+    BLT_PRINT_PROFILE("Rice Classification", blt::PRINT_CYCLES | blt::PRINT_THREAD | blt::PRINT_WALL);
+
+#ifdef BLT_TRACK_ALLOCATIONS
+    BLT_TRACE("Total Allocations: %ld times with a total of %s", blt::gp::tracker.getAllocations(),
+              blt::byte_convert_t(blt::gp::tracker.getAllocatedBytes()).convert_to_nearest_type().to_pretty_string().c_str());
+#endif
+    
+    return 0;
+}

examples/symbolic_regression.cpp

@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@
 #include <blt/profiling/profiler_v2.h>
 #include <blt/gp/tree.h>
 #include <blt/std/logging.h>
+#include <blt/std/format.h>
 #include <iostream>
+#include "operations_common.h"
 
 //static constexpr long SEED = 41912;
 static const unsigned long SEED = std::random_device()();
@@ -29,35 +31,25 @@ struct context
     float x, y;
 };
 
-std::array<context, 200> fitness_cases;
+std::array<context, 200> training_cases;
 
 blt::gp::mutation_t mut;
 
 blt::gp::prog_config_t config = blt::gp::prog_config_t()
         .set_initial_min_tree_size(2)
         .set_initial_max_tree_size(6)
-        .set_elite_count(2)
+        .set_elite_count(200)
         .set_crossover_chance(0.9)
         .set_mutation_chance(0.1)
         .set_reproduction_chance(0)
         .set_max_generations(50)
-        .set_pop_size(5000)
+        .set_pop_size(20000)
         .set_thread_count(0);
 
-blt::gp::type_provider type_system;
+blt::gp::gp_program program{SEED, config};
-blt::gp::gp_program program{type_system, SEED, config};
-
-blt::gp::operation_t add([](float a, float b) { return a + b; }, "add");
-blt::gp::operation_t sub([](float a, float b) { return a - b; }, "sub");
-blt::gp::operation_t mul([](float a, float b) { return a * b; }, "mul");
-blt::gp::operation_t pro_div([](float a, float b) { return b == 0.0f ? 1.0f : a / b; }, "div");
-blt::gp::operation_t op_sin([](float a) { return std::sin(a); }, "sin");
-blt::gp::operation_t op_cos([](float a) { return std::cos(a); }, "cos");
-blt::gp::operation_t op_exp([](float a) { return std::exp(a); }, "exp");
-blt::gp::operation_t op_log([](float a) { return a == 0.0f ? 0.0f : std::log(a); }, "log");
 
 auto lit = blt::gp::operation_t([]() {
-    return program.get_random().get_float(-320.0f, 320.0f);
+    return program.get_random().get_float(-1.0f, 1.0f);
 }, "lit").set_ephemeral();
 
 blt::gp::operation_t op_x([](const context& context) {
@@ -66,7 +58,7 @@ blt::gp::operation_t op_x([](const context& context) {
 
 constexpr auto fitness_function = [](blt::gp::tree_t& current_tree, blt::gp::fitness_t& fitness, blt::size_t) {
     constexpr double value_cutoff = 1.e15;
-    for (auto& fitness_case : fitness_cases)
+    for (auto& fitness_case : training_cases)
     {
         auto diff = std::abs(fitness_case.y - current_tree.get_evaluation_value<float>(&fitness_case));
         if (diff < value_cutoff)
@@ -79,7 +71,7 @@ constexpr auto fitness_function = [](blt::gp::tree_t& current_tree, blt::gp::fit
     }
     fitness.standardized_fitness = fitness.raw_fitness;
     fitness.adjusted_fitness = (1.0 / (1.0 + fitness.standardized_fitness));
-    return static_cast<blt::size_t>(fitness.hits) == fitness_cases.size();
+    return static_cast<blt::size_t>(fitness.hits) == training_cases.size();
 };
 
 float example_function(float x)
@@ -92,7 +84,7 @@ int main()
     BLT_INFO("Starting BLT-GP Symbolic Regression Example");
     BLT_START_INTERVAL("Symbolic Regression", "Main");
     BLT_DEBUG("Setup Fitness cases");
-    for (auto& fitness_case : fitness_cases)
+    for (auto& fitness_case : training_cases)
     {
         constexpr float range = 10;
         constexpr float half_range = range / 2.0;
@@ -102,28 +94,47 @@ int main()
     }
     
     BLT_DEBUG("Setup Types and Operators");
-    type_system.register_type<float>();
+    blt::gp::operator_builder<context> builder{};
-    
-    blt::gp::operator_builder<context> builder{type_system};
     program.set_operations(builder.build(add, sub, mul, pro_div, op_sin, op_cos, op_exp, op_log, lit, op_x));
     
     BLT_DEBUG("Generate Initial Population");
-    auto sel = blt::gp::select_fitness_proportionate_t{};
+    auto sel = blt::gp::select_tournament_t{};
-    program.generate_population(type_system.get_type<float>().id(), fitness_function, sel, sel, sel);
+    program.generate_population(program.get_typesystem().get_type<float>().id(), fitness_function, sel, sel, sel);
     
     BLT_DEBUG("Begin Generation Loop");
     while (!program.should_terminate())
     {
         BLT_TRACE("------------{Begin Generation %ld}------------", program.get_current_generation());
+        BLT_TRACE("Creating next generation");
+
+#ifdef BLT_TRACK_ALLOCATIONS
+        auto gen_alloc = blt::gp::tracker.start_measurement();
+#endif
+        
         BLT_START_INTERVAL("Symbolic Regression", "Gen");
         program.create_next_generation();
         BLT_END_INTERVAL("Symbolic Regression", "Gen");
+
+#ifdef BLT_TRACK_ALLOCATIONS
+        blt::gp::tracker.stop_measurement(gen_alloc);
+        BLT_TRACE("Generation Allocated %ld times with a total of %s", gen_alloc.getAllocationDifference(),
+                  blt::byte_convert_t(gen_alloc.getAllocatedByteDifference()).convert_to_nearest_type().to_pretty_string().c_str());
+        auto fitness_alloc = blt::gp::tracker.start_measurement();
+#endif
+        
         BLT_TRACE("Move to next generation");
         BLT_START_INTERVAL("Symbolic Regression", "Fitness");
         program.next_generation();
         BLT_TRACE("Evaluate Fitness");
         program.evaluate_fitness();
         BLT_END_INTERVAL("Symbolic Regression", "Fitness");
+
+#ifdef BLT_TRACK_ALLOCATIONS
+        blt::gp::tracker.stop_measurement(fitness_alloc);
+        BLT_TRACE("Fitness Allocated %ld times with a total of %s", fitness_alloc.getAllocationDifference(),
+                  blt::byte_convert_t(fitness_alloc.getAllocatedByteDifference()).convert_to_nearest_type().to_pretty_string().c_str());
+#endif
+        
         BLT_TRACE("----------------------------------------------");
         std::cout << std::endl;
     }
@@ -149,6 +160,11 @@ int main()
     // TODO: make stats helper
     
     BLT_PRINT_PROFILE("Symbolic Regression", blt::PRINT_CYCLES | blt::PRINT_THREAD | blt::PRINT_WALL);
+
+#ifdef BLT_TRACK_ALLOCATIONS
+    BLT_TRACE("Total Allocations: %ld times with a total of %s", blt::gp::tracker.getAllocations(),
+              blt::byte_convert_t(blt::gp::tracker.getAllocatedBytes()).convert_to_nearest_type().to_pretty_string().c_str());
+#endif
     
     return 0;
 }

include/blt/gp/fwdecl.h

@@ -22,16 +22,22 @@
 #include <functional>
 #include <blt/std/logging.h>
 #include <blt/std/types.h>
+#include <blt/gp/stats.h>
 #include <ostream>
-#include <optional>
+#include <cstdlib>
 
 namespace blt::gp
 {
+    inline allocation_tracker_t tracker;
     
     class gp_program;
     
     class type;
     
+    struct operator_id;
+    
+    struct type_id;
+    
     class type_provider;
     
     struct op_container_t;
@@ -40,6 +46,8 @@ namespace blt::gp
     
     class tree_t;
     
+    struct individual_t;
+    
     class population_t;
     
     class tree_generator_t;
@@ -50,12 +58,118 @@ namespace blt::gp
     
     class stack_allocator;
     
+    template<typename T>
+    class tracked_allocator_t;
+    
+    template<typename T>
+    using tracked_vector = std::vector<T, tracked_allocator_t<T>>;
+    
+//    using operation_vector_t = tracked_vector<op_container_t>;
+//    using individual_vector_t = tracked_vector<individual_t, tracked_allocator_t<individual_t>>;
+//    using tree_vector_t = tracked_vector<tree_t>;
+    
+    class aligned_allocator
+    {
+        public:
+            void* allocate(blt::size_t bytes) // NOLINT
+            {
+#ifdef BLT_TRACK_ALLOCATIONS
+                tracker.allocate(bytes);
+#endif
+                return std::aligned_alloc(8, bytes);
+            }
+            
+            void deallocate(void* ptr, blt::size_t bytes) // NOLINT
+            {
+                if (ptr == nullptr)
+                    return;
+#ifdef BLT_TRACK_ALLOCATIONS
+                tracker.deallocate(bytes);
+#else
+                (void) bytes;
+#endif
+                std::free(ptr);
+            }
+    };
+    
+    template<typename T>
+    class tracked_allocator_t
+    {
+        public:
+            using value_type = T;
+            using reference = T&;
+            using const_reference = const T&;
+            using pointer = T*;
+            using const_pointer = const T*;
+            using void_pointer = void*;
+            using const_void_pointer = const void*;
+            using difference_type = blt::ptrdiff_t;
+            using size_type = blt::size_t;
+            template<class U>
+            struct rebind
+            {
+                typedef tracked_allocator_t<U> other;
+            };
+            
+            pointer allocate(size_type n)
+            {
+#ifdef BLT_TRACK_ALLOCATIONS
+                tracker.allocate(n * sizeof(T));
+#endif
+                return static_cast<pointer>(std::malloc(n * sizeof(T)));
+            }
+            
+            pointer allocate(size_type n, const_void_pointer)
+            {
+                return allocate(n);
+            }
+            
+            void deallocate(pointer p, size_type n)
+            {
+#ifdef BLT_TRACK_ALLOCATIONS
+                tracker.deallocate(n * sizeof(T));
+#else
+                (void) n;
+#endif
+                std::free(p);
+            }
+            
+            template<class U, class... Args>
+            void construct(U* p, Args&& ... args)
+            {
+                new(p) T(args...);
+            }
+            
+            template<class U>
+            void destroy(U* p)
+            {
+                p->~T();
+            }
+            
+            [[nodiscard]] size_type max_size() const noexcept
+            {
+                return std::numeric_limits<size_type>::max();
+            }
+    };
+    
+    template<class T1, class T2>
+    inline static bool operator==(const tracked_allocator_t<T1>& lhs, const tracked_allocator_t<T2>& rhs) noexcept
+    {
+        return &lhs == &rhs;
+    }
+    
+    template<class T1, class T2>
+    inline static bool operator!=(const tracked_allocator_t<T1>& lhs, const tracked_allocator_t<T2>& rhs) noexcept
+    {
+        return &lhs != &rhs;
+    }
+    
     namespace detail
     {
         class operator_storage_test;
         // context*, read stack, write stack
         using operator_func_t = std::function<void(void*, stack_allocator&, stack_allocator&)>;
-        using eval_func_t = std::function<evaluation_context(const tree_t& tree, void* context)>;
+        using eval_func_t = std::function<evaluation_context&(const tree_t& tree, void* context)>;
         // debug function,
         using print_func_t = std::function<void(std::ostream&, stack_allocator&)>;
         
@@ -66,6 +180,9 @@ namespace blt::gp
         };
         
         using destroy_func_t = std::function<void(destroy_t, stack_allocator&)>;
+        
+        using const_op_iter_t = tracked_vector<op_container_t>::const_iterator;
+        using op_iter_t = tracked_vector<op_container_t>::iterator;
     }
     
 }

include/blt/gp/generators.h

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ namespace blt::gp
     class tree_generator_t
     {
         public:
-            virtual tree_t generate(const generator_arguments& args) = 0;
+            virtual void generate(tree_t& out, const generator_arguments& args) = 0;
             
             virtual ~tree_generator_t() = default;
     };
@@ -59,13 +59,13 @@ namespace blt::gp
     class grow_generator_t : public tree_generator_t
     {
         public:
-            tree_t generate(const generator_arguments& args) final;
+            void generate(tree_t& out, const generator_arguments& args) final;
     };
     
     class full_generator_t : public tree_generator_t
     {
         public:
-            tree_t generate(const generator_arguments& args) final;
+            void generate(tree_t& out, const generator_arguments& args) final;
     };
     
     class population_initializer_t

include/blt/gp/program.h

@@ -52,10 +52,10 @@
 #include <blt/gp/stack.h>
 #include <blt/gp/config.h>
 #include <blt/gp/random.h>
+#include "blt/std/format.h"
 
 namespace blt::gp
 {
-    
     struct argc_t
     {
         blt::u32 argc = 0;
@@ -79,20 +79,22 @@ namespace blt::gp
         detail::operator_func_t func;
     };
     
-    struct operator_storage
+    struct program_operator_storage_t
     {
         // indexed from return TYPE ID, returns index of operator
         blt::expanding_buffer<std::vector<operator_id>> terminals;
         blt::expanding_buffer<std::vector<operator_id>> non_terminals;
         blt::expanding_buffer<std::vector<std::pair<operator_id, blt::size_t>>> operators_ordered_terminals;
         // indexed from OPERATOR ID (operator number)
-        blt::hashset_t<operator_id> static_types;
+        blt::hashset_t<operator_id> ephemeral_leaf_operators;
         std::vector<operator_info> operators;
         std::vector<detail::print_func_t> print_funcs;
         std::vector<detail::destroy_func_t> destroy_funcs;
         std::vector<std::optional<std::string_view>> names;
         
         detail::eval_func_t eval_func;
+        
+        type_provider system;
     };
     
     template<typename Context = detail::empty_t>
@@ -103,11 +105,10 @@ namespace blt::gp
             friend class blt::gp::detail::operator_storage_test;
         
         public:
-            explicit operator_builder(type_provider& system): system(system)
+            explicit operator_builder() = default;
-            {}
             
             template<typename... Operators>
-            operator_storage& build(Operators& ... operators)
+            program_operator_storage_t& build(Operators& ... operators)
             {
                 std::vector<blt::size_t> sizes;
                 (sizes.push_back(add_operator(operators)), ...);
@@ -115,11 +116,12 @@ namespace blt::gp
                 for (auto v : sizes)
                     largest = std::max(v, largest);
                 
-                storage.eval_func = [&operators..., largest](const tree_t& tree, void* context) {
+                storage.eval_func = [&operators..., largest](const tree_t& tree, void* context) -> evaluation_context& {
                     const auto& ops = tree.get_operations();
                     const auto& vals = tree.get_values();
                     
-                    evaluation_context results{};
+                    static thread_local evaluation_context results{};
+                    results.values.reset();
                     results.values.reserve(largest);
                     
                     blt::size_t total_so_far = 0;
@@ -199,7 +201,7 @@ namespace blt::gp
                 return storage;
             }
             
-            operator_storage&& grab()
+            program_operator_storage_t&& grab()
             {
                 return std::move(storage);
             }
@@ -208,10 +210,14 @@ namespace blt::gp
             template<typename RawFunction, typename Return, typename... Args>
             auto add_operator(operation_t<RawFunction, Return(Args...)>& op)
             {
+                // check for types we can register
+                (storage.system.register_type<Args>(), ...);
+                storage.system.register_type<Return>();
+                
                 auto total_size_required = stack_allocator::aligned_size(sizeof(Return));
                 ((total_size_required += stack_allocator::aligned_size(sizeof(Args))), ...);
                 
-                auto return_type_id = system.get_type<Return>().id();
+                auto return_type_id = storage.system.get_type<Return>().id();
                 auto operator_id = blt::gp::operator_id(storage.operators.size());
                 op.id = operator_id;
                 
@@ -260,8 +266,8 @@ namespace blt::gp
                 });
                 storage.names.push_back(op.get_name());
                 if (op.is_ephemeral())
-                    storage.static_types.insert(operator_id);
+                    storage.ephemeral_leaf_operators.insert(operator_id);
-                return total_size_required;
+                return total_size_required * 2;
             }
             
             template<typename T>
@@ -269,7 +275,7 @@ namespace blt::gp
             {
                 if constexpr (!std::is_same_v<Context, detail::remove_cv_ref<T>>)
                 {
-                    types.push_back(system.get_type<T>().id());
+                    types.push_back(storage.system.get_type<T>().id());
                 }
             }
             
@@ -298,7 +304,7 @@ namespace blt::gp
             
             template<typename... Operators, size_t... operator_ids>
             static inline void call_jmp_table_internal(size_t op, void* context, stack_allocator& write_stack, stack_allocator& read_stack,
-                                                       std::integer_sequence<size_t, operator_ids...>, Operators&... operators)
+                                                       std::integer_sequence<size_t, operator_ids...>, Operators& ... operators)
             {
                 if (op >= sizeof...(operator_ids))
                 {
@@ -314,8 +320,7 @@ namespace blt::gp
                 call_jmp_table_internal(op, context, write_stack, read_stack, std::index_sequence_for<Operators...>(), operators...);
             }
             
-            type_provider& system;
+            program_operator_storage_t storage;
-            operator_storage storage;
     };
     
     class gp_program
@@ -325,29 +330,89 @@ namespace blt::gp
              * Note about context size: This is required as context is passed to every operator in the GP tree, this context will be provided by your
              * call to one of the evaluator functions. This was the nicest way to provide this as C++ lacks reflection
              *
-             * @param system type system to use in tree generation
              * @param engine random engine to use throughout the program.
              * @param context_size number of arguments which are always present as "context" to the GP system / operators
              */
-            explicit gp_program(type_provider& system, blt::u64 seed):
+            explicit gp_program(blt::u64 seed): seed_func([seed] { return seed; })
-                    system(system), seed(seed)
             { create_threads(); }
             
-            explicit gp_program(type_provider& system, blt::u64 seed, prog_config_t config):
+            explicit gp_program(blt::u64 seed, prog_config_t config): seed_func([seed] { return seed; }), config(config)
-                    system(system), seed(seed), config(config)
             { create_threads(); }
             
+            explicit gp_program(std::function<blt::u64()> seed_func): seed_func(std::move(seed_func))
+            { create_threads(); }
+            
+            explicit gp_program(std::function<blt::u64()> seed_func, prog_config_t config): seed_func(std::move(seed_func)), config(config)
+            { create_threads(); }
+            
+            ~gp_program()
+            {
+                thread_helper.lifetime_over = true;
+                thread_helper.barrier.notify_all();
+                thread_helper.thread_function_condition.notify_all();
+                for (auto& thread : thread_helper.threads)
+                {
+                    if (thread->joinable())
+                        thread->join();
+                }
+            }
+            
             void create_next_generation()
             {
+#ifdef BLT_TRACK_ALLOCATIONS
+                auto gen_alloc = blt::gp::tracker.start_measurement();
+#endif
+                BLT_ASSERT_MSG(current_pop.get_individuals().size() == config.population_size,
+                               ("cur pop size: " + std::to_string(current_pop.get_individuals().size())).c_str());
+                BLT_ASSERT_MSG(next_pop.get_individuals().size() == config.population_size,
+                               ("next pop size: " + std::to_string(next_pop.get_individuals().size())).c_str());
                 // should already be empty
-                next_pop.clear();
                 thread_helper.next_gen_left.store(config.population_size, std::memory_order_release);
                 (*thread_execution_service)(0);
+#ifdef BLT_TRACK_ALLOCATIONS
+                blt::gp::tracker.stop_measurement(gen_alloc);
+        BLT_TRACE("Generation Allocated %ld times with a total of %s", gen_alloc.getAllocationDifference(),
+                  blt::byte_convert_t(gen_alloc.getAllocatedByteDifference()).convert_to_nearest_type().to_pretty_string().c_str());
+#endif
+            }
+            
+            void next_generation()
+            {
+                BLT_ASSERT_MSG(current_pop.get_individuals().size() == config.population_size,
+                               ("cur pop size: " + std::to_string(current_pop.get_individuals().size())).c_str());
+                BLT_ASSERT_MSG(next_pop.get_individuals().size() == config.population_size,
+                               ("next pop size: " + std::to_string(next_pop.get_individuals().size())).c_str());
+                std::swap(current_pop, next_pop);
+                current_generation++;
             }
             
             void evaluate_fitness()
             {
+#ifdef BLT_TRACK_ALLOCATIONS
+                auto fitness_alloc = blt::gp::tracker.start_measurement();
+#endif
                 evaluate_fitness_internal();
+#ifdef BLT_TRACK_ALLOCATIONS
+                blt::gp::tracker.stop_measurement(fitness_alloc);
+                BLT_TRACE("Fitness Allocated %ld times with a total of %s", fitness_alloc.getAllocationDifference(),
+                          blt::byte_convert_t(fitness_alloc.getAllocatedByteDifference()).convert_to_nearest_type().to_pretty_string().c_str());
+#endif
+                
+            }
+            
+            void reset_program(type_id root_type, bool eval_fitness_now = true)
+            {
+                current_generation = 0;
+                current_pop = config.pop_initializer.get().generate(
+                        {*this, root_type, config.population_size, config.initial_min_tree_size, config.initial_max_tree_size});
+                next_pop = population_t(current_pop);
+                if (eval_fitness_now)
+                    evaluate_fitness_internal();
+            }
+            
+            void kill()
+            {
+                thread_helper.lifetime_over = true;
             }
             
             /**
@@ -368,61 +433,71 @@ namespace blt::gp
                 using LambdaReturn = typename decltype(blt::meta::lambda_helper(fitness_function))::Return;
                 current_pop = config.pop_initializer.get().generate(
                         {*this, root_type, config.population_size, config.initial_min_tree_size, config.initial_max_tree_size});
+                next_pop = population_t(current_pop);
                 if (config.threads == 1)
                 {
                     BLT_INFO("Starting with single thread variant!");
-                    thread_execution_service = new std::function(
+                    thread_execution_service = std::unique_ptr<std::function<void(blt::size_t)>>(new std::function(
                             [this, &fitness_function, &crossover_selection, &mutation_selection, &reproduction_selection, &func](blt::size_t) {
                                 if (thread_helper.evaluation_left > 0)
                                 {
-                                    for (const auto& ind : blt::enumerate(current_pop.get_individuals()))
+                                    current_stats.normalized_fitness.clear();
+                                    double sum_of_prob = 0;
+                                    for (const auto& [index, ind] : blt::enumerate(current_pop.get_individuals()))
                                     {
                                         if constexpr (std::is_same_v<LambdaReturn, bool> || std::is_convertible_v<LambdaReturn, bool>)
                                         {
-                                            auto result = fitness_function(ind.second.tree, ind.second.fitness, ind.first);
+                                            auto result = fitness_function(ind.tree, ind.fitness, index);
                                             if (result)
                                                 fitness_should_exit = true;
                                         } else
-                                        {
+                                            fitness_function(ind.tree, ind.fitness, index);
-                                            fitness_function(ind.second.tree, ind.second.fitness, ind.first);
-                                        }
                                         
-                                        if (ind.second.fitness.adjusted_fitness > current_stats.best_fitness)
+                                        if (ind.fitness.adjusted_fitness > current_stats.best_fitness)
-                                            current_stats.best_fitness = ind.second.fitness.adjusted_fitness;
+                                            current_stats.best_fitness = ind.fitness.adjusted_fitness;
                                         
-                                        if (ind.second.fitness.adjusted_fitness < current_stats.worst_fitness)
+                                        if (ind.fitness.adjusted_fitness < current_stats.worst_fitness)
-                                            current_stats.worst_fitness = ind.second.fitness.adjusted_fitness;
+                                            current_stats.worst_fitness = ind.fitness.adjusted_fitness;
                                         
-                                        current_stats.overall_fitness = current_stats.overall_fitness + ind.second.fitness.adjusted_fitness;
+                                        current_stats.overall_fitness = current_stats.overall_fitness + ind.fitness.adjusted_fitness;
+                                    }
+                                    for (auto& ind : current_pop)
+                                    {
+                                        auto prob = (ind.fitness.adjusted_fitness / current_stats.overall_fitness);
+                                        current_stats.normalized_fitness.push_back(sum_of_prob + prob);
+                                        sum_of_prob += prob;
                                     }
                                     thread_helper.evaluation_left = 0;
                                 }
                                 if (thread_helper.next_gen_left > 0)
                                 {
-                                    static thread_local std::vector<tree_t> new_children;
+                                    auto args = get_selector_args();
-                                    new_children.clear();
-                                    auto args = get_selector_args(new_children);
                                     
-                                    crossover_selection.pre_process(*this, current_pop, current_stats);
+                                    crossover_selection.pre_process(*this, current_pop);
-                                    mutation_selection.pre_process(*this, current_pop, current_stats);
+                                    mutation_selection.pre_process(*this, current_pop);
-                                    reproduction_selection.pre_process(*this, current_pop, current_stats);
+                                    reproduction_selection.pre_process(*this, current_pop);
                                     
-                                    perform_elitism(args);
+                                    perform_elitism(args, next_pop);
                                     
-                                    while (new_children.size() < config.population_size)
+                                    blt::size_t start = config.elites;
-                                        func(args, crossover_selection, mutation_selection, reproduction_selection);
                                     
-                                    for (auto& i : new_children)
+                                    while (start < config.population_size)
-                                        next_pop.get_individuals().emplace_back(std::move(i));
+                                    {
+                                        tree_t& c1 = next_pop.get_individuals()[start].tree;
+                                        tree_t* c2 = nullptr;
+                                        if (start + 1 < config.population_size)
+                                            c2 = &next_pop.get_individuals()[start + 1].tree;
+                                        start += func(args, crossover_selection, mutation_selection, reproduction_selection, c1, c2);
+                                    }
                                     
                                     thread_helper.next_gen_left = 0;
                                 }
-                            });
+                            }));
                 } else
                 {
                     BLT_INFO("Starting thread execution service!");
                     std::scoped_lock lock(thread_helper.thread_function_control);
-                    thread_execution_service = new std::function(
+                    thread_execution_service = std::unique_ptr<std::function<void(blt::size_t)>>(new std::function(
                             [this, &fitness_function, &crossover_selection, &mutation_selection, &reproduction_selection, &func](blt::size_t id) {
                                 thread_helper.barrier.wait();
                                 if (thread_helper.evaluation_left > 0)
@@ -476,23 +551,27 @@ namespace blt::gp
                                 }
                                 if (thread_helper.next_gen_left > 0)
                                 {
-                                    static thread_local std::vector<tree_t> new_children;
+                                    auto args = get_selector_args();
-                                    new_children.clear();
-                                    auto args = get_selector_args(new_children);
                                     if (id == 0)
                                     {
-                                        crossover_selection.pre_process(*this, current_pop, current_stats);
+                                        current_stats.normalized_fitness.clear();
+                                        double sum_of_prob = 0;
+                                        for (auto& ind : current_pop)
+                                        {
+                                            auto prob = (ind.fitness.adjusted_fitness / current_stats.overall_fitness);
+                                            current_stats.normalized_fitness.push_back(sum_of_prob + prob);
+                                            sum_of_prob += prob;
+                                        }
+                                        
+                                        crossover_selection.pre_process(*this, current_pop);
                                         if (&crossover_selection != &mutation_selection)
-                                            mutation_selection.pre_process(*this, current_pop, current_stats);
+                                            mutation_selection.pre_process(*this, current_pop);
                                         if (&crossover_selection != &reproduction_selection)
-                                            reproduction_selection.pre_process(*this, current_pop, current_stats);
+                                            reproduction_selection.pre_process(*this, current_pop);
                                         
-                                        perform_elitism(args);
+                                        perform_elitism(args, next_pop);
                                         
-                                        for (auto& i : new_children)
+                                        thread_helper.next_gen_left -= config.elites;
-                                            next_pop.get_individuals().emplace_back(std::move(i));
-                                        thread_helper.next_gen_left -= new_children.size();
-                                        new_children.clear();
                                     }
                                     thread_helper.barrier.wait();
                                     
@@ -509,88 +588,26 @@ namespace blt::gp
                                                                                                     std::memory_order::memory_order_relaxed,
                                                                                                     std::memory_order::memory_order_relaxed));
                                         
-                                        for (blt::size_t i = begin; i < end; i++)
+                                        while (begin != end)
-                                            func(args, crossover_selection, mutation_selection, reproduction_selection);
-                                        
                                         {
-                                            std::scoped_lock lock(thread_helper.thread_generation_lock);
+                                            auto index = config.elites + begin;
-                                            for (auto& i : new_children)
+                                            tree_t& c1 = next_pop.get_individuals()[index].tree;
-                                            {
+                                            tree_t* c2 = nullptr;
-                                                if (next_pop.get_individuals().size() < config.population_size)
+                                            if (index + 1 < end)
-                                                    next_pop.get_individuals().emplace_back(i);
+                                                c2 = &next_pop.get_individuals()[index + 1].tree;
-                                            }
+                                            begin += func(args, crossover_selection, mutation_selection, reproduction_selection, c1, c2);
                                         }
+                                        
                                     }
                                 }
                                 thread_helper.barrier.wait();
-                            });
+                            }));
                     thread_helper.thread_function_condition.notify_all();
                 }
                 if (eval_fitness_now)
                     evaluate_fitness_internal();
             }
             
-            void reset_program(type_id root_type, bool eval_fitness_now = true)
-            {
-                current_generation = 0;
-                current_pop = config.pop_initializer.get().generate(
-                        {*this, root_type, config.population_size, config.initial_min_tree_size, config.initial_max_tree_size});
-                if (eval_fitness_now)
-                    evaluate_fitness_internal();
-            }
-            
-            void next_generation()
-            {
-                current_pop = std::move(next_pop);
-                current_generation++;
-            }
-            
-            inline auto& get_current_pop()
-            {
-                return current_pop;
-            }
-            
-            template<blt::size_t size>
-            std::array<blt::size_t, size> get_best_indexes()
-            {
-                std::array<blt::size_t, size> arr;
-                
-                std::vector<std::pair<blt::size_t, double>> values;
-                values.reserve(current_pop.get_individuals().size());
-                
-                for (const auto& ind : blt::enumerate(current_pop.get_individuals()))
-                    values.emplace_back(ind.first, ind.second.fitness.adjusted_fitness);
-                
-                std::sort(values.begin(), values.end(), [](const auto& a, const auto& b) {
-                    return a.second > b.second;
-                });
-                
-                for (blt::size_t i = 0; i < size; i++)
-                    arr[i] = values[i].first;
-                
-                return arr;
-            }
-            
-            template<blt::size_t size>
-            auto get_best_trees()
-            {
-                return convert_array<std::array<std::reference_wrapper<tree_t>, size>>(get_best_indexes<size>(),
-                                                                                       [this](auto&& arr, blt::size_t index) -> tree_t& {
-                                                                                           return current_pop.get_individuals()[arr[index]].tree;
-                                                                                       },
-                                                                                       std::make_integer_sequence<blt::size_t, size>());
-            }
-            
-            template<blt::size_t size>
-            auto get_best_individuals()
-            {
-                return convert_array<std::array<std::reference_wrapper<individual>, size>>(get_best_indexes<size>(),
-                                                                                           [this](auto&& arr, blt::size_t index) -> individual& {
-                                                                                               return current_pop.get_individuals()[arr[index]];
-                                                                                           },
-                                                                                           std::make_integer_sequence<blt::size_t, size>());
-            }
-            
             [[nodiscard]] bool should_terminate() const
             {
                 return current_generation >= config.max_generations || fitness_should_exit;
@@ -601,13 +618,6 @@ namespace blt::gp
                 return thread_helper.lifetime_over;
             }
             
-            [[nodiscard]] random_t& get_random() const;
-            
-            [[nodiscard]] inline type_provider& get_typesystem()
-            {
-                return system;
-            }
-            
             inline operator_id select_terminal(type_id id)
             {
                 // we wanted a terminal, but could not find one, so we will select from a function that has a terminal
@@ -633,47 +643,49 @@ namespace blt::gp
                 return get_random().select(storage.operators_ordered_terminals[id]).first;
             }
             
-            inline operator_info& get_operator_info(operator_id id)
+            inline auto& get_current_pop()
+            {
+                return current_pop;
+            }
+            
+            [[nodiscard]] random_t& get_random() const;
+            
+            [[nodiscard]] inline type_provider& get_typesystem()
+            {
+                return storage.system;
+            }
+            
+            [[nodiscard]] inline operator_info& get_operator_info(operator_id id)
             {
                 return storage.operators[id];
             }
             
-            inline detail::print_func_t& get_print_func(operator_id id)
+            [[nodiscard]] inline detail::print_func_t& get_print_func(operator_id id)
             {
                 return storage.print_funcs[id];
             }
             
-            inline detail::destroy_func_t& get_destroy_func(operator_id id)
+            [[nodiscard]] inline detail::destroy_func_t& get_destroy_func(operator_id id)
             {
                 return storage.destroy_funcs[id];
             }
             
-            inline std::optional<std::string_view> get_name(operator_id id)
+            [[nodiscard]] inline std::optional<std::string_view> get_name(operator_id id)
             {
                 return storage.names[id];
             }
             
-            inline std::vector<operator_id>& get_type_terminals(type_id id)
+            [[nodiscard]] inline std::vector<operator_id>& get_type_terminals(type_id id)
             {
                 return storage.terminals[id];
             }
             
-            inline std::vector<operator_id>& get_type_non_terminals(type_id id)
+            [[nodiscard]] inline std::vector<operator_id>& get_type_non_terminals(type_id id)
             {
                 return storage.non_terminals[id];
             }
             
-            inline bool is_static(operator_id id)
+            [[nodiscard]] inline detail::eval_func_t& get_eval_func()
-            {
-                return storage.static_types.contains(static_cast<blt::size_t>(id));
-            }
-            
-            inline void set_operations(operator_storage op)
-            {
-                storage = std::move(op);
-            }
-            
-            inline detail::eval_func_t& get_eval_func()
             {
                 return storage.eval_func;
             }
@@ -683,68 +695,66 @@ namespace blt::gp
                 return current_generation.load();
             }
             
-            [[nodiscard]] inline auto& get_population_stats()
+            [[nodiscard]] inline const auto& get_population_stats() const
             {
                 return current_stats;
             }
             
-            ~gp_program()
+            [[nodiscard]] inline bool is_operator_ephemeral(operator_id id)
             {
-                thread_helper.lifetime_over = true;
+                return storage.ephemeral_leaf_operators.contains(static_cast<blt::size_t>(id));
-                thread_helper.barrier.notify_all();
-                thread_helper.thread_function_condition.notify_all();
-                for (auto& thread : thread_helper.threads)
-                {
-                    if (thread->joinable())
-                        thread->join();
-                }
-                auto* cpy = thread_execution_service.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
-                thread_execution_service = nullptr;
-                delete cpy;
             }
             
-            void kill()
+            inline void set_operations(program_operator_storage_t op)
             {
-                thread_helper.lifetime_over = true;
+                storage = std::move(op);
+            }
+            
+            template<blt::size_t size>
+            std::array<blt::size_t, size> get_best_indexes()
+            {
+                std::array<blt::size_t, size> arr;
+                
+                std::vector<std::pair<blt::size_t, double>> values;
+                values.reserve(current_pop.get_individuals().size());
+                
+                for (const auto& ind : blt::enumerate(current_pop.get_individuals()))
+                    values.emplace_back(ind.first, ind.second.fitness.adjusted_fitness);
+                
+                std::sort(values.begin(), values.end(), [](const auto& a, const auto& b) {
+                    return a.second > b.second;
+                });
+                
+                for (blt::size_t i = 0; i < size; i++)
+                    arr[i] = values[i].first;
+                
+                return arr;
+            }
+            
+            template<blt::size_t size>
+            auto get_best_trees()
+            {
+                return convert_array<std::array<std::reference_wrapper<individual_t>, size>>(get_best_indexes<size>(),
+                                                                                             [this](auto&& arr, blt::size_t index) -> tree_t& {
+                                                                                                 return current_pop.get_individuals()[arr[index]].tree;
+                                                                                             },
+                                                                                             std::make_integer_sequence<blt::size_t, size>());
+            }
+            
+            template<blt::size_t size>
+            auto get_best_individuals()
+            {
+                return convert_array<std::array<std::reference_wrapper<individual_t>, size>>(get_best_indexes<size>(),
+                                                                                             [this](auto&& arr, blt::size_t index) -> individual_t& {
+                                                                                                 return current_pop.get_individuals()[arr[index]];
+                                                                                             },
+                                                                                             std::make_integer_sequence<blt::size_t, size>());
             }
         
         private:
-            type_provider& system;
+            inline selector_args get_selector_args()
-            
-            operator_storage storage;
-            population_t current_pop;
-            population_stats current_stats{};
-            population_t next_pop;
-            std::atomic_uint64_t current_generation = 0;
-            std::atomic_bool fitness_should_exit = false;
-            
-            blt::u64 seed;
-            prog_config_t config{};
-            
-            struct concurrency_storage
             {
-                std::vector<std::unique_ptr<std::thread>> threads;
+                return {*this, current_pop, current_stats, config, get_random()};
-                
-                std::mutex thread_function_control;
-                std::mutex thread_generation_lock;
-                std::condition_variable thread_function_condition{};
-                
-                std::atomic_uint64_t evaluation_left = 0;
-                std::atomic_uint64_t next_gen_left = 0;
-                
-                std::atomic_bool lifetime_over = false;
-                blt::barrier barrier;
-                
-                explicit concurrency_storage(blt::size_t threads): barrier(threads, lifetime_over)
-                {}
-            } thread_helper{config.threads == 0 ? std::thread::hardware_concurrency() : config.threads};
-            
-            // for convenience, shouldn't decrease performance too much
-            std::atomic<std::function<void(blt::size_t)>*> thread_execution_service = nullptr;
-            
-            inline selector_args get_selector_args(std::vector<tree_t>& next_pop_trees)
-            {
-                return {*this, next_pop_trees, current_pop, current_stats, config, get_random()};
             }
             
             template<typename Return, blt::size_t size, typename Accessor, blt::size_t... indexes>
@@ -758,12 +768,47 @@ namespace blt::gp
             
             void evaluate_fitness_internal()
             {
+                statistic_history.push_back(current_stats);
                 current_stats.clear();
-                thread_helper.evaluation_left.store(current_pop.get_individuals().size(), std::memory_order_release);
+                thread_helper.evaluation_left.store(config.population_size, std::memory_order_release);
                 (*thread_execution_service)(0);
                 
                 current_stats.average_fitness = current_stats.overall_fitness / static_cast<double>(config.population_size);
             }
+        
+        private:
+            program_operator_storage_t storage;
+            std::function<blt::u64()> seed_func;
+            prog_config_t config{};
+            
+            population_t current_pop;
+            population_t next_pop;
+            
+            std::atomic_uint64_t current_generation = 0;
+            
+            std::atomic_bool fitness_should_exit = false;
+            
+            population_stats current_stats{};
+            std::vector<population_stats> statistic_history;
+            
+            struct concurrency_storage
+            {
+                std::vector<std::unique_ptr<std::thread>> threads;
+                
+                std::mutex thread_function_control{};
+                std::condition_variable thread_function_condition{};
+                
+                std::atomic_uint64_t evaluation_left = 0;
+                std::atomic_uint64_t next_gen_left = 0;
+                
+                std::atomic_bool lifetime_over = false;
+                blt::barrier barrier;
+                
+                explicit concurrency_storage(blt::size_t threads): barrier(threads, lifetime_over)
+                {}
+            } thread_helper{config.threads == 0 ? std::thread::hardware_concurrency() : config.threads};
+            
+            std::unique_ptr<std::function<void(blt::size_t)>> thread_execution_service = nullptr;
     };
     
 }

include/blt/gp/random.h

@@ -25,93 +25,7 @@
 namespace blt::gp
 {
 
-#define BLT_RANDOM_FUNCTION blt::random::murmur_random64
+    using random_t = blt::random::random_t;
-#define BLT_RANDOM_FLOAT blt::random::murmur_float64
-#define BLT_RANDOM_DOUBLE blt::random::murmur_double64
-    
-    class random_t
-    {
-        public:
-            explicit random_t(blt::u64 seed): seed(seed)
-            {}
-            
-            void set_seed(blt::u64 s)
-            {
-                seed = s;
-            }
-            
-            float get_float()
-            {
-                return BLT_RANDOM_FLOAT(seed);
-            }
-            
-            double get_double()
-            {
-                return BLT_RANDOM_DOUBLE(seed);
-            }
-            
-            // [min, max)
-            double get_double(double min, double max)
-            {
-                return BLT_RANDOM_FUNCTION(seed, min, max);
-            }
-            
-            // [min, max)
-            float get_float(float min, float max)
-            {
-                return BLT_RANDOM_FUNCTION(seed, min, max);
-            }
-            
-            i32 get_i32(i32 min, i32 max)
-            {
-                return BLT_RANDOM_FUNCTION(seed, min, max);
-            }
-            
-            u32 get_u32(u32 min, u32 max)
-            {
-                return BLT_RANDOM_FUNCTION(seed, min, max);
-            }
-            
-            i64 get_i64(i64 min, i64 max)
-            {
-                return BLT_RANDOM_FUNCTION(seed, min, max);
-            }
-            
-            u64 get_u64(u64 min, u64 max)
-            {
-                return BLT_RANDOM_FUNCTION(seed, min, max);
-            }
-            
-            blt::size_t get_size_t(blt::size_t min, blt::size_t max)
-            {
-                return BLT_RANDOM_FUNCTION(seed, min, max);
-            }
-            
-            bool choice()
-            {
-                return BLT_RANDOM_DOUBLE(seed) < 0.5;
-            }
-            
-            bool choice(double cutoff)
-            {
-                return BLT_RANDOM_DOUBLE(seed) <= cutoff;
-            }
-            
-            template<typename Container>
-            auto& select(Container& container)
-            {
-                return container[get_u64(0, container.size())];
-            }
-            
-            template<typename Container>
-            const auto& select(const Container& container)
-            {
-                return container[get_u64(0, container.size())];
-            }
-        
-        private:
-            blt::u64 seed;
-    };
     
 }
 

include/blt/gp/selection.h

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include <blt/gp/config.h>
 #include <blt/gp/random.h>
 #include <blt/std/assert.h>
+#include "blt/std/format.h"
 
 namespace blt::gp
 {
@@ -31,19 +32,19 @@ namespace blt::gp
     struct selector_args
     {
         gp_program& program;
-        std::vector<tree_t>& next_pop;
+        const population_t& current_pop;
-        population_t& current_pop;
         population_stats& current_stats;
         prog_config_t& config;
         random_t& random;
     };
     
-    constexpr inline auto perform_elitism = [](const selector_args& args) {
+    constexpr inline auto perform_elitism = [](const selector_args& args, population_t& next_pop) {
-        auto& [program, next_pop, current_pop, current_stats, config, random] = args;
+        auto& [program, current_pop, current_stats, config, random] = args;
         
         if (config.elites > 0)
         {
-            std::vector<std::pair<std::size_t, double>> values;
+            static thread_local tracked_vector<std::pair<std::size_t, double>> values;
+            values.clear();
             
             for (blt::size_t i = 0; i < config.elites; i++)
                 values.emplace_back(i, current_pop.get_individuals()[i].fitness.adjusted_fitness);
@@ -68,50 +69,66 @@ namespace blt::gp
             }
             
             for (blt::size_t i = 0; i < config.elites; i++)
-                next_pop.push_back(current_pop.get_individuals()[values[i].first].tree);
+                next_pop.get_individuals()[i].copy_fast(current_pop.get_individuals()[values[i].first].tree);
         }
     };
     
     template<typename Crossover, typename Mutation, typename Reproduction>
     constexpr inline auto default_next_pop_creator = [](
-            blt::gp::selector_args& args, Crossover& crossover_selection, Mutation& mutation_selection, Reproduction& reproduction_selection) {
+            blt::gp::selector_args& args, Crossover& crossover_selection, Mutation& mutation_selection, Reproduction& reproduction_selection,
-        auto& [program, next_pop, current_pop, current_stats, config, random] = args;
+            tree_t& c1, tree_t* c2) {
+        auto& [program, current_pop, current_stats, config, random] = args;
         
         int sel = random.get_i32(0, 3);
         switch (sel)
         {
             case 0:
+                if (c2 == nullptr)
+                    return 0;
                 // everyone gets a chance once per loop.
                 if (random.choice(config.crossover_chance))
                 {
+//                    auto state = tracker.start_measurement();
                     // crossover
-                    auto& p1 = crossover_selection.select(program, current_pop, current_stats);
+                    const tree_t* p1;
-                    auto& p2 = crossover_selection.select(program, current_pop, current_stats);
+                    const tree_t* p2;
-                    
+                    do
-                    auto results = config.crossover.get().apply(program, p1, p2);
-                    
-                    // if crossover fails, we can check for mutation on these guys. otherwise straight copy them into the next pop
-                    if (results)
                     {
-                        next_pop.push_back(std::move(results->child1));
+                        p1 = &crossover_selection.select(program, current_pop);
-                        next_pop.push_back(std::move(results->child2));
+                        p2 = &crossover_selection.select(program, current_pop);
-                    }
+                    } while (!config.crossover.get().apply(program, *p1, *p2, c1, *c2));
+//                    tracker.stop_measurement(state);
+//                    BLT_TRACE("Crossover Allocated %ld times with a total of %s", state.getAllocationDifference(),
+//                              blt::byte_convert_t(state.getAllocatedByteDifference()).convert_to_nearest_type().to_pretty_string().c_str());
+                    return 2;
                 }
                 break;
             case 1:
                 if (random.choice(config.mutation_chance))
                 {
+//                    auto state = tracker.start_measurement();
                     // mutation
-                    auto& p = mutation_selection.select(program, current_pop, current_stats);
+                    const tree_t* p;
-                    next_pop.push_back(std::move(config.mutator.get().apply(program, p)));
+                    do
+                    {
+                        p = &mutation_selection.select(program, current_pop);
+                    } while (!config.mutator.get().apply(program, *p, c1));
+//                    tracker.stop_measurement(state);
+//                    BLT_TRACE("Mutation Allocated %ld times with a total of %s", state.getAllocationDifference(),
+//                              blt::byte_convert_t(state.getAllocatedByteDifference()).convert_to_nearest_type().to_pretty_string().c_str());
+                    return 1;
                 }
                 break;
             case 2:
                 if (config.reproduction_chance > 0 && random.choice(config.reproduction_chance))
                 {
+//                    auto state = tracker.start_measurement();
                     // reproduction
-                    auto& p = reproduction_selection.select(program, current_pop, current_stats);
+                    c1 = reproduction_selection.select(program, current_pop);
-                    next_pop.push_back(p);
+//                    tracker.stop_measurement(state);
+//                    BLT_TRACE("Reproduction Allocated %ld times with a total of %s", state.getAllocationDifference(),
+//                              blt::byte_convert_t(state.getAllocatedByteDifference()).convert_to_nearest_type().to_pretty_string().c_str());
+                    return 1;
                 }
                 break;
             default:
@@ -121,6 +138,7 @@ namespace blt::gp
                 BLT_UNREACHABLE;
 #endif
         }
+        return 0;
     };
     
     class selection_t
@@ -132,9 +150,9 @@ namespace blt::gp
              * @param stats the populations statistics
              * @return
              */
-            virtual tree_t& select(gp_program& program, population_t& pop, population_stats& stats) = 0;
+            virtual const tree_t& select(gp_program& program, const population_t& pop) = 0;
             
-            virtual void pre_process(gp_program&, population_t&, population_stats&)
+            virtual void pre_process(gp_program&, population_t&)
             {}
             
             virtual ~selection_t() = default;
@@ -143,19 +161,19 @@ namespace blt::gp
     class select_best_t : public selection_t
     {
         public:
-            tree_t& select(gp_program& program, population_t& pop, population_stats& stats) final;
+            const tree_t& select(gp_program& program, const population_t& pop) final;
     };
     
     class select_worst_t : public selection_t
     {
         public:
-            tree_t& select(gp_program& program, population_t& pop, population_stats& stats) final;
+            const tree_t& select(gp_program& program, const population_t& pop) final;
     };
     
     class select_random_t : public selection_t
     {
         public:
-            tree_t& select(gp_program& program, population_t& pop, population_stats& stats) final;
+            const tree_t& select(gp_program& program, const population_t& pop) final;
     };
     
     class select_tournament_t : public selection_t
@@ -163,11 +181,11 @@ namespace blt::gp
         public:
             explicit select_tournament_t(blt::size_t selection_size = 3): selection_size(selection_size)
             {
-                if (selection_size < 1)
+                if (selection_size == 0)
-                    BLT_ABORT("Unable to select with this size. Must select at least 1 individual!");
+                    BLT_ABORT("Unable to select with this size. Must select at least 1 individual_t!");
             }
             
-            tree_t& select(gp_program& program, population_t& pop, population_stats& stats) final;
+            const tree_t& select(gp_program& program, const population_t& pop) final;
         
         private:
             const blt::size_t selection_size;
@@ -176,9 +194,7 @@ namespace blt::gp
     class select_fitness_proportionate_t : public selection_t
     {
         public:
-            void pre_process(gp_program& program, population_t& pop, population_stats& stats) final;
+            const tree_t& select(gp_program& program, const population_t& pop) final;
-            
-            tree_t& select(gp_program& program, population_t& pop, population_stats& stats) final;
     };
     
 }

include/blt/gp/stack.h

@@ -20,12 +20,14 @@
 #define BLT_GP_STACK_H
 
 #include <blt/std/types.h>
+#include <blt/std/bump_allocator.h>
 #include <blt/std/assert.h>
 #include <blt/std/logging.h>
 #include <blt/std/allocator.h>
 #include <blt/std/ranges.h>
 #include <blt/std/meta.h>
 #include <blt/gp/fwdecl.h>
+#include <blt/gp/stats.h>
 #include <utility>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <cstdlib>
@@ -36,29 +38,14 @@
 
 namespace blt::gp
 {
-    
     namespace detail
     {
         BLT_META_MAKE_FUNCTION_CHECK(drop);
     }
     
-    class aligned_allocator
-    {
-        public:
-            void* allocate(blt::size_t bytes) // NOLINT
-            {
-                return std::aligned_alloc(8, bytes);
-            }
-            
-            void deallocate(void* ptr, blt::size_t) // NOLINT
-            {
-                std::free(ptr);
-            }
-    };
-    
     class stack_allocator
     {
-            constexpr static blt::size_t PAGE_SIZE = 0x1000;
+            constexpr static blt::size_t PAGE_SIZE = 0x100;
             constexpr static blt::size_t MAX_ALIGNMENT = 8;
             template<typename T>
             using NO_REF_T = std::remove_cv_t<std::remove_reference_t<T>>;
@@ -106,7 +93,7 @@ namespace blt::gp
             }
             
             stack_allocator(stack_allocator&& move) noexcept:
-                    data_(std::exchange(move.data_, nullptr)), bytes_stored(move.bytes_stored), size_(move.size_)
+                    data_(std::exchange(move.data_, nullptr)), bytes_stored(std::exchange(move.bytes_stored, 0)), size_(std::exchange(move.size_, 0))
             {}
             
             stack_allocator& operator=(const stack_allocator& copy) = delete;
@@ -121,7 +108,6 @@ namespace blt::gp
             
             ~stack_allocator()
             {
-                //std::free(data_);
                 get_allocator().deallocate(data_, size_);
             }
             
@@ -265,13 +251,33 @@ namespace blt::gp
             void reserve(blt::size_t bytes)
             {
                 if (bytes > size_)
-                    expand(bytes);
+                    expand_raw(bytes);
+            }
+            
+            [[nodiscard]] blt::size_t stored() const
+            {
+                return bytes_stored;
+            }
+            
+            [[nodiscard]] blt::size_t internal_storage_size() const
+            {
+                return size_;
+            }
+            
+            void reset()
+            {
+                bytes_stored = 0;
             }
         
         private:
             void expand(blt::size_t bytes)
             {
-                bytes = to_nearest_page_size(bytes);
+                //bytes = to_nearest_page_size(bytes);
+                expand_raw(bytes);
+            }
+            
+            void expand_raw(blt::size_t bytes)
+            {
                 auto new_data = static_cast<blt::u8*>(get_allocator().allocate(bytes));
                 if (bytes_stored > 0)
                     std::memcpy(new_data, data_, bytes_stored);

include/blt/gp/stats.h

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+#pragma once
+/*
+ *  Copyright (C) 2024  Brett Terpstra
+ *
+ *  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ *  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *  (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ *  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *  GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ *  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#ifndef BLT_GP_STATS_H
+#define BLT_GP_STATS_H
+
+#include <blt/std/types.h>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cmath>
+
+namespace blt::gp
+{
+    
+    class allocation_tracker_t
+    {
+        public:
+            struct allocation_data_t
+            {
+                blt::u64 start_allocations = 0;
+                blt::u64 start_deallocations = 0;
+                blt::u64 start_allocated_bytes = 0;
+                blt::u64 start_deallocated_bytes = 0;
+                
+                blt::u64 end_allocations = 0;
+                blt::u64 end_deallocations = 0;
+                blt::u64 end_allocated_bytes = 0;
+                blt::u64 end_deallocated_bytes = 0;
+                
+                [[nodiscard]] blt::u64 getAllocationDifference() const
+                {
+                    return end_allocations - start_allocations;
+                }
+                
+                [[nodiscard]] blt::u64 getDeallocationDifference() const
+                {
+                    return end_deallocations - start_deallocations;
+                }
+                
+                [[nodiscard]] blt::u64 getAllocatedByteDifference() const
+                {
+                    return end_allocated_bytes - start_allocated_bytes;
+                }
+                
+                [[nodiscard]] blt::u64 getDeallocatedByteDifference() const
+                {
+                    return end_deallocated_bytes - start_deallocated_bytes;
+                }
+            };
+            
+            void allocate(blt::size_t bytes)
+            {
+                allocations++;
+                allocated_bytes += bytes;
+            }
+            
+            void deallocate(blt::size_t bytes)
+            {
+                deallocations++;
+                deallocated_bytes += bytes;
+            }
+            
+            [[nodiscard]] blt::u64 getAllocations() const
+            {
+                return allocations;
+            }
+            
+            [[nodiscard]] blt::u64 getDeallocations() const
+            {
+                return deallocations;
+            }
+            
+            [[nodiscard]] blt::u64 getAllocatedBytes() const
+            {
+                return allocated_bytes;
+            }
+            
+            [[nodiscard]] blt::u64 getDeallocatedBytes() const
+            {
+                return deallocated_bytes;
+            }
+            
+            [[nodiscard]] blt::u64 getAllocationDifference() const
+            {
+                return std::abs(static_cast<blt::i64>(getAllocations()) - static_cast<blt::i64>(getDeallocations()));
+            }
+            
+            [[nodiscard]] blt::u64 getCurrentlyAllocatedBytes() const
+            {
+                return getAllocatedBytes() - getDeallocatedBytes();
+            }
+            
+            [[nodiscard]] allocation_data_t start_measurement() const
+            {
+                allocation_data_t data{};
+                data.start_allocations = allocations;
+                data.start_deallocations = deallocations;
+                data.start_allocated_bytes = allocated_bytes;
+                data.start_deallocated_bytes = deallocated_bytes;
+                return data;
+            }
+            
+            void stop_measurement(allocation_data_t& data) const
+            {
+                data.end_allocations = allocations;
+                data.end_deallocations = deallocations;
+                data.end_allocated_bytes = allocated_bytes;
+                data.end_deallocated_bytes = deallocated_bytes;
+            }
+        
+        private:
+            std::atomic_uint64_t allocations = 0;
+            std::atomic_uint64_t deallocations = 0;
+            std::atomic_uint64_t allocated_bytes = 0;
+            std::atomic_uint64_t deallocated_bytes = 0;
+    };
+    
+}
+
+#endif //BLT_GP_STATS_H

include/blt/gp/transformers.h

@@ -29,8 +29,6 @@ namespace blt::gp
 {
     namespace detail
     {
-        using op_iter = std::vector<blt::gp::op_container_t>::iterator;
-        
         template<typename T>
         inline static constexpr double sum(const T& array)
         {
@@ -59,16 +57,6 @@ namespace blt::gp
     class crossover_t
     {
         public:
-            enum class error_t
-            {
-                NO_VALID_TYPE,
-                TREE_TOO_SMALL
-            };
-            struct result_t
-            {
-                tree_t child1;
-                tree_t child2;
-            };
             struct crossover_point_t
             {
                 blt::ptrdiff_t p1_crossover_point;
@@ -89,7 +77,7 @@ namespace blt::gp
             explicit crossover_t(const config_t& config): config(config)
             {}
             
-            blt::expected<crossover_t::crossover_point_t, error_t> get_crossover_point(gp_program& program, const tree_t& c1, const tree_t& c2) const;
+            std::optional<crossover_t::crossover_point_t> get_crossover_point(gp_program& program, const tree_t& c1, const tree_t& c2) const;
             
             /**
              * child1 and child2 are copies of the parents, the result of selecting a crossover point and performing standard subtree crossover.
@@ -99,7 +87,7 @@ namespace blt::gp
              * @param p2 reference to the second parent
              * @return expected pair of child otherwise returns error enum
              */
-            virtual blt::expected<result_t, error_t> apply(gp_program& program, const tree_t& p1, const tree_t& p2); // NOLINT
+            virtual bool apply(gp_program& program, const tree_t& p1, const tree_t& p2, tree_t& c1, tree_t& c2); // NOLINT
             
             virtual ~crossover_t() = default;
         
@@ -128,7 +116,7 @@ namespace blt::gp
             explicit mutation_t(const config_t& config): config(config)
             {}
             
-            virtual tree_t apply(gp_program& program, const tree_t& p);
+            virtual bool apply(gp_program& program, const tree_t& p, tree_t& c);
             
             // returns the point after the mutation
             blt::size_t mutate_point(gp_program& program, tree_t& c, blt::size_t node);
@@ -157,7 +145,7 @@ namespace blt::gp
             explicit advanced_mutation_t(const config_t& config): mutation_t(config)
             {}
             
-            tree_t apply(gp_program& program, const tree_t& p) final;
+            bool apply(gp_program& program, const tree_t& p, tree_t& c) final;
             
             advanced_mutation_t& set_per_node_mutation_chance(double v)
             {
@@ -172,11 +160,11 @@ namespace blt::gp
             double per_node_mutation_chance = 5.0;
             
             static constexpr std::array<double, operators_size> mutation_operator_chances = detail::aggregate_array<operators_size>(
-                    0.1,       // EXPRESSION
+                    0.25,       // EXPRESSION
-                    0.25,        // ADJUST
+                    0.15,       // ADJUST
                     0.01,       // SUB_FUNC
-                    0.25,       // JUMP_FUNC
+                    0.01,       // JUMP_FUNC
-                    0.12        // COPY
+                    0.05        // COPY
                                                                                                                                    );
 };
     

include/blt/gp/tree.h

@@ -53,10 +53,42 @@ namespace blt::gp
     
     class tree_t
     {
-            using iter_type = std::vector<op_container_t>::const_iterator;
         public:
             explicit tree_t(gp_program& program);
             
+            tree_t(const tree_t& copy) = default;
+            
+            tree_t& operator=(const tree_t& copy)
+            {
+                if (this == &copy)
+                    return *this;
+                copy_fast(copy);
+                return *this;
+            }
+            
+            /**
+             * This function copies the data from the provided tree, will attempt to reserve and copy in one step.
+             * will avoid reallocation if enough space is already present.
+             */
+            void copy_fast(const tree_t& copy)
+            {
+                if (this == &copy)
+                    return;
+                values.reserve(copy.values.internal_storage_size());
+                values.reset();
+                values.insert(copy.values);
+                
+                operations.clear();
+                operations.reserve(copy.operations.size());
+                operations.insert(operations.begin(), copy.operations.begin(), copy.operations.end());
+            }
+            
+            tree_t(tree_t&& move) = default;
+            
+            tree_t& operator=(tree_t&& move) = default;
+            
+            void clear(gp_program& program);
+            
             struct child_t
             {
                 blt::ptrdiff_t start;
@@ -64,12 +96,12 @@ namespace blt::gp
                 blt::ptrdiff_t end;
             };
             
-            [[nodiscard]] inline std::vector<op_container_t>& get_operations()
+            [[nodiscard]] inline tracked_vector<op_container_t>& get_operations()
             {
                 return operations;
             }
             
-            [[nodiscard]] inline const std::vector<op_container_t>& get_operations() const
+            [[nodiscard]] inline const tracked_vector<op_container_t>& get_operations() const
             {
                 return operations;
             }
@@ -84,7 +116,7 @@ namespace blt::gp
                 return values;
             }
             
-            evaluation_context evaluate(void* context) const
+            evaluation_context& evaluate(void* context) const
             {
                 return (*func)(*this, context);
             }
@@ -115,7 +147,7 @@ namespace blt::gp
             template<typename T>
             T get_evaluation_value(void* context)
             {
-                auto results = evaluate(context);
+                auto& results = evaluate(context);
                 return results.values.pop<T>();
             }
             
@@ -131,7 +163,7 @@ namespace blt::gp
             blt::ptrdiff_t find_parent(blt::gp::gp_program& program, blt::ptrdiff_t start) const;
             
             // valid for [begin, end)
-            static blt::size_t total_value_bytes(iter_type begin, iter_type end)
+            static blt::size_t total_value_bytes(detail::const_op_iter_t begin, detail::const_op_iter_t end)
             {
                 blt::size_t total = 0;
                 for (auto it = begin; it != end; it++)
@@ -159,7 +191,7 @@ namespace blt::gp
             }
         
         private:
-            std::vector<op_container_t> operations;
+            tracked_vector<op_container_t> operations;
             blt::gp::stack_allocator values;
             detail::eval_func_t* func;
     };
@@ -172,30 +204,49 @@ namespace blt::gp
         blt::i64 hits = 0;
     };
     
-    struct individual
+    struct individual_t
     {
         tree_t tree;
         fitness_t fitness;
         
-        individual() = default;
+        void copy_fast(const tree_t& copy)
+        {
+            // fast copy of the tree
+            tree.copy_fast(copy);
+            // reset fitness
+            fitness = {};
+        }
         
-        explicit individual(tree_t&& tree): tree(std::move(tree))
+        individual_t() = delete;
+        
+        explicit individual_t(tree_t&& tree): tree(std::move(tree))
         {}
         
-        explicit individual(const tree_t& tree): tree(tree)
+        explicit individual_t(const tree_t& tree): tree(tree)
         {}
         
-        individual(const individual&) = default;
+        individual_t(const individual_t&) = default;
         
-        individual(individual&&) = default;
+        individual_t(individual_t&&) = default;
         
-        individual& operator=(const individual&) = delete;
+        individual_t& operator=(const individual_t&) = delete;
         
-        individual& operator=(individual&&) = default;
+        individual_t& operator=(individual_t&&) = default;
     };
     
     struct population_stats
     {
+        population_stats() = default;
+        
+        population_stats(const population_stats& copy):
+                overall_fitness(copy.overall_fitness.load()), average_fitness(copy.average_fitness.load()), best_fitness(copy.best_fitness.load()),
+                worst_fitness(copy.worst_fitness.load())
+        {
+            normalized_fitness.reserve(copy.normalized_fitness.size());
+            for (auto v : copy.normalized_fitness)
+                normalized_fitness.push_back(v);
+        }
+        
         std::atomic<double> overall_fitness = 0;
         std::atomic<double> average_fitness = 0;
         std::atomic<double> best_fitness = 0;
@@ -218,7 +269,7 @@ namespace blt::gp
             class population_tree_iterator
             {
                 public:
-                    population_tree_iterator(std::vector<individual>& ind, blt::size_t pos): ind(ind), pos(pos)
+                    population_tree_iterator(tracked_vector<individual_t>& ind, blt::size_t pos): ind(ind), pos(pos)
                     {}
                     
                     auto begin()
@@ -263,11 +314,16 @@ namespace blt::gp
                     }
                 
                 private:
-                    std::vector<individual>& ind;
+                    tracked_vector<individual_t>& ind;
                     blt::size_t pos;
             };
             
-            std::vector<individual>& get_individuals()
+            tracked_vector<individual_t>& get_individuals()
+            {
+                return individuals;
+            }
+            
+            [[nodiscard]] const tracked_vector<individual_t>& get_individuals() const
             {
                 return individuals;
             }
@@ -313,7 +369,7 @@ namespace blt::gp
             population_t& operator=(population_t&&) = default;
         
         private:
-            std::vector<individual> individuals;
+            tracked_vector<individual_t> individuals;
     };
 }
 

include/blt/gp/typesystem.h

@@ -85,12 +85,13 @@ namespace blt::gp
             type_provider() = default;
             
             template<typename T>
-            inline type register_type()
+            inline void register_type()
             {
+                if (has_type<T>())
+                    return;
                 auto t = type::make_type<T>(types.size());
                 types.insert({blt::type_string_raw<T>(), t});
                 types_from_id[t.id()] = t;
-                return t;
             }
             
             template<typename T>
@@ -99,6 +100,11 @@ namespace blt::gp
                 return types[blt::type_string_raw<T>()];
             }
             
+            template<typename T>
+            inline bool has_type(){
+                return types.find(blt::type_string_raw<T>()) != types.end();
+            }
+            
             inline type get_type(type_id id)
             {
                 return types_from_id[id];

lib/blt

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 6632d045286b42d257eb3783e96256c13b588186
+Subproject commit 79e080cfd34fb47342f67f19b95ffa27efb0f715

src/generators.cpp

@@ -49,11 +49,10 @@ namespace blt::gp
     }
     
     template<typename Func>
-    inline tree_t create_tree(Func&& perChild, const generator_arguments& args)
+    inline void create_tree(tree_t& tree, Func&& perChild, const generator_arguments& args)
     {
         std::stack<stack> tree_generator = get_initial_stack(args.program, args.root_type);
         blt::size_t max_depth = 0;
-        tree_t tree{args.program};
         
         while (!tree_generator.empty())
         {
@@ -65,10 +64,10 @@ namespace blt::gp
             tree.get_operations().emplace_back(
                     args.program.get_typesystem().get_type(info.return_type).size(),
                     top.id,
-                    args.program.is_static(top.id));
+                    args.program.is_operator_ephemeral(top.id));
             max_depth = std::max(max_depth, top.depth);
             
-            if (args.program.is_static(top.id))
+            if (args.program.is_operator_ephemeral(top.id))
             {
                 info.func(nullptr, tree.get_values(), tree.get_values());
                 continue;
@@ -77,13 +76,11 @@ namespace blt::gp
             for (const auto& child : info.argument_types)
                 std::forward<Func>(perChild)(args.program, tree_generator, child, top.depth + 1);
         }
-        
-        return tree;
     }
     
-    tree_t grow_generator_t::generate(const generator_arguments& args)
+    void grow_generator_t::generate(tree_t& tree, const generator_arguments& args)
     {
-        return create_tree([args](gp_program& program, std::stack<stack>& tree_generator, type_id type, blt::size_t new_depth) {
+        return create_tree(tree, [args](gp_program& program, std::stack<stack>& tree_generator, type_id type, blt::size_t new_depth) {
             if (new_depth >= args.max_depth)
             {
                 if (program.get_type_terminals(type).empty())
@@ -99,9 +96,9 @@ namespace blt::gp
         }, args);
     }
     
-    tree_t full_generator_t::generate(const generator_arguments& args)
+    void full_generator_t::generate(tree_t& tree, const generator_arguments& args)
     {
-        return create_tree([args](gp_program& program, std::stack<stack>& tree_generator, type_id type, blt::size_t new_depth) {
+        return create_tree(tree, [args](gp_program& program, std::stack<stack>& tree_generator, type_id type, blt::size_t new_depth) {
             if (new_depth >= args.max_depth)
             {
                 if (program.get_type_terminals(type).empty())
@@ -119,7 +116,11 @@ namespace blt::gp
         population_t pop;
         
         for (auto i = 0ul; i < args.size; i++)
-            pop.get_individuals().emplace_back(grow.generate(args.to_gen_args()));
+        {
+            tree_t tree{args.program};
+            grow.generate(tree, args.to_gen_args());
+            pop.get_individuals().emplace_back(tree);
+        }
         
         return pop;
     }
@@ -129,7 +130,11 @@ namespace blt::gp
         population_t pop;
         
         for (auto i = 0ul; i < args.size; i++)
-            pop.get_individuals().emplace_back(full.generate(args.to_gen_args()));
+        {
+            tree_t tree{args.program};
+            full.generate(tree, args.to_gen_args());
+            pop.get_individuals().emplace_back(tree);
+        }
         
         return pop;
     }
@@ -140,10 +145,12 @@ namespace blt::gp
         
         for (auto i = 0ul; i < args.size; i++)
         {
+            tree_t tree{args.program};
             if (args.program.get_random().choice())
-                pop.get_individuals().emplace_back(full.generate(args.to_gen_args()));
+                full.generate(tree, args.to_gen_args());
             else
-                pop.get_individuals().emplace_back(grow.generate(args.to_gen_args()));
+                grow.generate(tree, args.to_gen_args());
+            pop.get_individuals().emplace_back(tree);
         }
         
         return pop;
@@ -160,22 +167,26 @@ namespace blt::gp
         {
             for (auto i = 0ul; i < per_step; i++)
             {
+                tree_t tree{args.program};
                 if (args.program.get_random().choice())
-                    pop.get_individuals().emplace_back(full.generate({args.program, args.root_type, args.min_depth, depth}));
+                    full.generate(tree, {args.program, args.root_type, args.min_depth, depth});
                 else
-                    pop.get_individuals().emplace_back(grow.generate({args.program, args.root_type, args.min_depth, depth}));
+                    grow.generate(tree, {args.program, args.root_type, args.min_depth, depth});
+                pop.get_individuals().emplace_back(tree);
             }
         }
         
         for (auto i = 0ul; i < remainder; i++)
         {
+            tree_t tree{args.program};
             if (args.program.get_random().choice())
-                pop.get_individuals().emplace_back(full.generate(args.to_gen_args()));
+                full.generate(tree, args.to_gen_args());
             else
-                pop.get_individuals().emplace_back(grow.generate(args.to_gen_args()));
+                grow.generate(tree, args.to_gen_args());
+            pop.get_individuals().emplace_back(tree);
         }
         
-        blt_assert(pop.get_individuals().size() == args.size);
+        BLT_ASSERT(pop.get_individuals().size() == args.size);
         
         return pop;
     }

src/program.cpp

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ namespace blt::gp
     
     random_t& gp_program::get_random() const
     {
-        thread_local static blt::gp::random_t random_engine{seed};
+        thread_local static blt::gp::random_t random_engine{seed_func()};
         return random_engine;
     }
     
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ namespace blt::gp
                             if (should_thread_terminate())
                                 return;
                         }
-                        execution_function = thread_execution_service.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+                        execution_function = thread_execution_service.get();
                     }
                     if (execution_function != nullptr)
                         (*execution_function)(i);

src/selection.cpp

@@ -21,11 +21,11 @@
 namespace blt::gp
 {
     
-    tree_t& select_best_t::select(gp_program&, population_t& pop, population_stats&)
+    const tree_t& select_best_t::select(gp_program&, const population_t& pop)
     {
         auto& first = pop.get_individuals()[0];
         double best_fitness = first.fitness.adjusted_fitness;
-        tree_t* tree = &first.tree;
+        const tree_t* tree = &first.tree;
         for (auto& ind : pop.get_individuals())
         {
             if (ind.fitness.adjusted_fitness > best_fitness)
@@ -37,11 +37,11 @@ namespace blt::gp
         return *tree;
     }
     
-    tree_t& select_worst_t::select(gp_program&, population_t& pop, population_stats&)
+    const tree_t& select_worst_t::select(gp_program&, const population_t& pop)
     {
         auto& first = pop.get_individuals()[0];
         double worst_fitness = first.fitness.adjusted_fitness;
-        tree_t* tree = &first.tree;
+        const tree_t* tree = &first.tree;
         for (auto& ind : pop.get_individuals())
         {
             if (ind.fitness.adjusted_fitness < worst_fitness)
@@ -53,32 +53,27 @@ namespace blt::gp
         return *tree;
     }
     
-    tree_t& select_random_t::select(gp_program& program, population_t& pop, population_stats&)
+    const tree_t& select_random_t::select(gp_program& program, const population_t& pop)
     {
         return pop.get_individuals()[program.get_random().get_size_t(0ul, pop.get_individuals().size())].tree;
     }
     
-    tree_t& select_tournament_t::select(gp_program& program, population_t& pop, population_stats&)
+    const tree_t& select_tournament_t::select(gp_program& program, const population_t& pop)
     {
-        
+        blt::u64 best = program.get_random().get_u64(0, pop.get_individuals().size());
-        auto& first = pop.get_individuals()[program.get_random().get_size_t(0ul, pop.get_individuals().size())];
+        auto& i_ref = pop.get_individuals();
-        individual* ind = &first;
+        for (blt::size_t i = 0; i < selection_size; i++)
-        double best_guy = first.fitness.adjusted_fitness;
-        for (blt::size_t i = 0; i < selection_size - 1; i++)
         {
-            auto& sel = pop.get_individuals()[program.get_random().get_size_t(0ul, pop.get_individuals().size())];
+            auto sel_point = program.get_random().get_u64(0ul, pop.get_individuals().size());
-            if (sel.fitness.adjusted_fitness > best_guy)
+            if (i_ref[sel_point].fitness.adjusted_fitness > i_ref[best].fitness.adjusted_fitness)
-            {
+                best = sel_point;
-                best_guy = sel.fitness.adjusted_fitness;
-                ind = &sel;
-            }
         }
-        
+        return i_ref[best].tree;
-        return ind->tree;
     }
     
-    tree_t& select_fitness_proportionate_t::select(gp_program& program, population_t& pop, population_stats& stats)
+    const tree_t& select_fitness_proportionate_t::select(gp_program& program, const population_t& pop)
     {
+        auto& stats = program.get_population_stats();
         auto choice = program.get_random().get_double();
         for (const auto& [index, ref] : blt::enumerate(pop))
         {
@@ -92,20 +87,8 @@ namespace blt::gp
                     return ref.tree;
             }
         }
-        BLT_WARN("Unable to find individual with fitness proportionate. This should not be a possible code path! (%lf)", choice);
+        BLT_WARN("Unable to find individual_t with fitness proportionate. This should not be a possible code path! (%lf)", choice);
         return pop.get_individuals()[0].tree;
         //BLT_ABORT("Unable to find individual");
     }
-    
-    void select_fitness_proportionate_t::pre_process(gp_program&, population_t& pop, population_stats& stats)
-    {
-        stats.normalized_fitness.clear();
-        double sum_of_prob = 0;
-        for (auto& ind : pop)
-        {
-            auto prob = (ind.fitness.adjusted_fitness / stats.overall_fitness);
-            stats.normalized_fitness.push_back(sum_of_prob + prob);
-            sum_of_prob += prob;
-        }
-    }
 }

src/stats.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/*
+ *  <Short Description>
+ *  Copyright (C) 2024  Brett Terpstra
+ *
+ *  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ *  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *  (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ *  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *  GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ *  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+#include <blt/gp/stats.h>
+#include <blt/std/logging.h>
+
+namespace blt::gp
+{
+
+}

src/transformers.cpp

@@ -27,7 +27,16 @@
 namespace blt::gp
 {
     
-    inline blt::size_t accumulate_type_sizes(detail::op_iter begin, detail::op_iter end)
+    grow_generator_t grow_generator;
+    
+    inline tree_t& get_static_tree_tl(gp_program& program)
+    {
+        static thread_local tree_t new_tree{program};
+        new_tree.clear(program);
+        return new_tree;
+    }
+    
+    inline blt::size_t accumulate_type_sizes(detail::op_iter_t begin, detail::op_iter_t end)
     {
         blt::size_t total = 0;
         for (auto it = begin; it != end; ++it)
@@ -47,28 +56,24 @@ namespace blt::gp
         return buffer.data();
     }
     
-    grow_generator_t grow_generator;
-    
     mutation_t::config_t::config_t(): generator(grow_generator)
     {}
     
-    blt::expected<crossover_t::result_t, crossover_t::error_t> crossover_t::apply(gp_program& program, const tree_t& p1, const tree_t& p2) // NOLINT
+    bool crossover_t::apply(gp_program& program, const tree_t& p1, const tree_t& p2, tree_t& c1, tree_t& c2) // NOLINT
     {
-        result_t result{p1, p2};
+        c1.copy_fast(p1);
-        
+        c2.copy_fast(p2);
-        auto& c1 = result.child1;
-        auto& c2 = result.child2;
         
         auto& c1_ops = c1.get_operations();
         auto& c2_ops = c2.get_operations();
         
         if (c1_ops.size() < 5 || c2_ops.size() < 5)
-            return blt::unexpected(error_t::TREE_TOO_SMALL);
+            return false;
         
-        auto point = get_crossover_point(program, c1, c2);
+        auto point = get_crossover_point(program, p1, p2);
         
         if (!point)
-            return blt::unexpected(point.error());
+            return false;
         
         auto crossover_point_begin_itr = c1_ops.begin() + point->p1_crossover_point;
         auto crossover_point_end_itr = c1_ops.begin() + c1.find_endpoint(program, point->p1_crossover_point);
@@ -97,8 +102,8 @@ namespace blt::gp
         blt::size_t c2_stack_for_bytes = accumulate_type_sizes(found_point_begin_itr, found_point_end_itr);
         auto c1_total = static_cast<blt::ptrdiff_t>(c1_stack_after_bytes + c1_stack_for_bytes);
         auto c2_total = static_cast<blt::ptrdiff_t>(c2_stack_after_bytes + c2_stack_for_bytes);
-        auto copy_ptr_c1 = get_thread_pointer_for_size<struct c1>(c1_total);
+        auto copy_ptr_c1 = get_thread_pointer_for_size<struct c1_t>(c1_total);
-        auto copy_ptr_c2 = get_thread_pointer_for_size<struct c2>(c2_total);
+        auto copy_ptr_c2 = get_thread_pointer_for_size<struct c2_t>(c2_total);
         
         c1_stack.copy_to(copy_ptr_c1, c1_total);
         c1_stack.pop_bytes(c1_total);
@@ -124,8 +129,8 @@ namespace blt::gp
         c2_ops.insert(++insert_point_c2, c1_operators.begin(), c1_operators.end());
 
 #if BLT_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
-        blt::size_t c1_found_bytes = result.child1.get_values().size().total_used_bytes;
+        blt::size_t c1_found_bytes = c1.get_values().size().total_used_bytes;
-        blt::size_t c2_found_bytes = result.child2.get_values().size().total_used_bytes;
+        blt::size_t c2_found_bytes = c2.get_values().size().total_used_bytes;
         blt::size_t c1_expected_bytes = std::accumulate(result.child1.get_operations().begin(), result.child1.get_operations().end(), 0ul,
                                                         [](const auto& v1, const auto& v2) {
                                                             if (v2.is_value)
@@ -146,10 +151,10 @@ namespace blt::gp
         }
 #endif
         
-        return result;
+        return true;
     }
     
-    blt::expected<crossover_t::crossover_point_t, crossover_t::error_t> crossover_t::get_crossover_point(gp_program& program, const tree_t& c1,
+    std::optional<crossover_t::crossover_point_t> crossover_t::get_crossover_point(gp_program& program, const tree_t& c1,
                                                                                                          const tree_t& c2) const
     {
         auto& c1_ops = c1.get_operations();
@@ -187,10 +192,10 @@ namespace blt::gp
                         }
                     }
                     if (!found)
-                        return blt::unexpected(error_t::NO_VALID_TYPE);
+                        return {};
                 }
                 // should we try again over the whole tree? probably not.
-                return blt::unexpected(error_t::NO_VALID_TYPE);
+                return {};
             } else
             {
                 attempted_point = program.get_random().get_size_t(1ul, c2_ops.size());
@@ -206,13 +211,13 @@ namespace blt::gp
         return crossover_point_t{static_cast<blt::ptrdiff_t>(crossover_point), static_cast<blt::ptrdiff_t>(attempted_point)};
     }
     
-    tree_t mutation_t::apply(gp_program& program, const tree_t& p)
+    bool mutation_t::apply(gp_program& program, const tree_t& p, tree_t& c)
     {
-        auto c = p;
+        c.copy_fast(p);
         
         mutate_point(program, c, program.get_random().get_size_t(0ul, c.get_operations().size()));
         
-        return c;
+        return true;
     }
     
     blt::size_t mutation_t::mutate_point(gp_program& program, tree_t& c, blt::size_t node)
@@ -228,7 +233,8 @@ namespace blt::gp
         auto begin_itr = ops_r.begin() + begin_point;
         auto end_itr = ops_r.begin() + end_point;
         
-        auto new_tree = config.generator.get().generate({program, type_info.return_type, config.replacement_min_depth, config.replacement_max_depth});
+        auto& new_tree = get_static_tree_tl(program);
+        config.generator.get().generate(new_tree, {program, type_info.return_type, config.replacement_min_depth, config.replacement_max_depth});
         
         auto& new_ops_r = new_tree.get_operations();
         auto& new_vals_r = new_tree.get_values();
@@ -296,10 +302,10 @@ namespace blt::gp
         return begin_point + new_ops_r.size();
     }
     
-    tree_t advanced_mutation_t::apply(gp_program& program, const tree_t& p)
+    bool advanced_mutation_t::apply(gp_program& program, const tree_t& p, tree_t& c)
     {
         // child tree
-        tree_t c = p;
+        c.copy_fast(p);
         
         auto& ops = c.get_operations();
         auto& vals = c.get_values();
@@ -364,7 +370,8 @@ namespace blt::gp
                             if (index < current_func_info.argument_types.size() && val.id != current_func_info.argument_types[index].id)
                             {
                                 // TODO: new config?
-                                auto tree = config.generator.get().generate(
+                                auto& tree = get_static_tree_tl(program);
+                                config.generator.get().generate(tree,
                                         {program, val.id, config.replacement_min_depth, config.replacement_max_depth});
                                 
                                 auto& child = children_data[children_data.size() - 1 - index];
@@ -445,7 +452,8 @@ namespace blt::gp
                             for (blt::ptrdiff_t i = static_cast<blt::ptrdiff_t>(replacement_func_info.argc.argc) - 1;
                                  i >= current_func_info.argc.argc; i--)
                             {
-                                auto tree = config.generator.get().generate(
+                                auto& tree = get_static_tree_tl(program);
+                                config.generator.get().generate(tree,
                                         {program, replacement_func_info.argument_types[i].id, config.replacement_min_depth,
                                          config.replacement_max_depth});
                                 blt::size_t total_bytes_for = tree.total_value_bytes();
@@ -458,7 +466,7 @@ namespace blt::gp
                         }
                         // now finally update the type.
                         ops[c_node] = {program.get_typesystem().get_type(replacement_func_info.return_type).size(), random_replacement,
-                                       program.is_static(random_replacement)};
+                                       program.is_operator_ephemeral(random_replacement)};
                     }
 #if BLT_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
                     if (!c.check(program, nullptr))
@@ -518,7 +526,8 @@ namespace blt::gp
                     blt::size_t start_index = c_node;
                     for (blt::ptrdiff_t i = new_argc - 1; i > static_cast<blt::ptrdiff_t>(arg_position); i--)
                     {
-                        auto tree = config.generator.get().generate(
+                        auto& tree = get_static_tree_tl(program);
+                        config.generator.get().generate(tree,
                                 {program, replacement_func_info.argument_types[i].id, config.replacement_min_depth,
                                  config.replacement_max_depth});
                         blt::size_t total_bytes_for = tree.total_value_bytes();
@@ -531,7 +540,8 @@ namespace blt::gp
                     vals.copy_from(combined_ptr, for_bytes);
                     for (blt::ptrdiff_t i = static_cast<blt::ptrdiff_t>(arg_position) - 1; i >= 0; i--)
                     {
-                        auto tree = config.generator.get().generate(
+                        auto& tree = get_static_tree_tl(program);
+                        config.generator.get().generate(tree,
                                 {program, replacement_func_info.argument_types[i].id, config.replacement_min_depth,
                                  config.replacement_max_depth});
                         blt::size_t total_bytes_for = tree.total_value_bytes();
@@ -544,7 +554,7 @@ namespace blt::gp
                     
                     ops.insert(ops.begin() + static_cast<blt::ptrdiff_t>(c_node),
                                {program.get_typesystem().get_type(replacement_func_info.return_type).size(),
-                                random_replacement, program.is_static(random_replacement)});
+                                random_replacement, program.is_operator_ephemeral(random_replacement)});
 
 #if BLT_DEBUG_LEVEL >= 2
                     if (!c.check(program, nullptr))
@@ -720,6 +730,6 @@ namespace blt::gp
         }
 #endif
         
-        return c;
+        return true;
     }
 }

src/tree.cpp

@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ namespace blt::gp
                 if (print_literals)
                 {
                     create_indent(out, indent, pretty_print);
-                    if (program.is_static(v.id))
+                    if (program.is_operator_ephemeral(v.id))
                     {
                         program.get_print_func(v.id)(out, reversed);
                         reversed.pop_bytes(stack_allocator::aligned_size(v.type_size));
@@ -247,22 +247,20 @@ namespace blt::gp
         blt::size_t total_produced = 0;
         blt::size_t total_consumed = 0;
 
-//        for (const auto& operation : blt::reverse_iterate(operations.begin(), operations.end()))
+        for (const auto& operation : blt::reverse_iterate(operations.begin(), operations.end()))
-//        {
+        {
-//            if (operation.is_value)
+            if (operation.is_value)
-//            {
+            {
-//                value_stack.transfer_bytes(values_process, operation.type_size);
+                value_stack.transfer_bytes(values_process, operation.type_size);
-//                total_produced += stack_allocator::aligned_size(operation.type_size);
+                total_produced += stack_allocator::aligned_size(operation.type_size);
-//                bitfield.push_back(false);
+                continue;
-//                continue;
+            }
-//            }
+            auto& info = program.get_operator_info(operation.id);
-//            auto& info = program.get_operator_info(operation.id);
+            for (auto& arg : info.argument_types)
-//            for (auto& arg : info.argument_types)
+                total_consumed += stack_allocator::aligned_size(program.get_typesystem().get_type(arg).size());
-//                total_consumed += stack_allocator::aligned_size(program.get_typesystem().get_type(arg).size());
+            program.get_operator_info(operation.id).func(context, values_process, values_process);
-//            operation.func(context, values_process, values_process, &bitfield);
+            total_produced += stack_allocator::aligned_size(program.get_typesystem().get_type(info.return_type).size());
-//            bitfield.push_back(true);
+        }
-//            total_produced += stack_allocator::aligned_size(program.get_typesystem().get_type(info.return_type).size());
-//        }
         
         auto v1 = results.values.bytes_in_head();
         auto v2 = static_cast<blt::ptrdiff_t>(stack_allocator::aligned_size(operations.front().type_size));
@@ -301,4 +299,13 @@ namespace blt::gp
     {
     
     }
+    
+    void tree_t::clear(gp_program& program)
+    {
+        auto* f = &program.get_eval_func();
+        if (f != func)
+            func = f;
+        operations.clear();
+        values.reset();
+    }
 }

tests/destructor_test.cpp

@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ struct context
     float x, y;
 };
 
-std::array<context, 200> fitness_cases;
+std::array<context, 200> training_cases;
 
 blt::gp::prog_config_t config = blt::gp::prog_config_t()
         .set_initial_min_tree_size(2)
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ blt::gp::operation_t op_x([](const context& context) {
 
 constexpr auto fitness_function = [](blt::gp::tree_t& current_tree, blt::gp::fitness_t& fitness, blt::size_t) {
     constexpr double value_cutoff = 1.e15;
-    for (auto& fitness_case : fitness_cases)
+    for (auto& fitness_case : training_cases)
     {
         auto ctx = current_tree.evaluate(&fitness_case);
         auto diff = std::abs(fitness_case.y - *current_tree.get_evaluation_ref<move_float>(ctx));
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ constexpr auto fitness_function = [](blt::gp::tree_t& current_tree, blt::gp::fit
     }
     fitness.standardized_fitness = fitness.raw_fitness;
     fitness.adjusted_fitness = (1.0 / (1.0 + fitness.standardized_fitness));
-    return static_cast<blt::size_t>(fitness.hits) == fitness_cases.size();
+    return static_cast<blt::size_t>(fitness.hits) == training_cases.size();
 };
 
 float example_function(float x)
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ int main()
     BLT_INFO("Starting BLT-GP Symbolic Regression Example");
     BLT_START_INTERVAL("Symbolic Regression", "Main");
     BLT_DEBUG("Setup Fitness cases");
-    for (auto& fitness_case : fitness_cases)
+    for (auto& fitness_case : training_cases)
     {
         constexpr float range = 10;
         constexpr float half_range = range / 2.0;